Eastern Mojave Vegetation Two occurrences of Desert Elkweed Swertia albomarginata (S. Watson) Kuntze Gentianaceae in the Mid Hills, Eastern Mojave Desert, San Bernardino County, California (Continued)  
 

Tom Schweich  

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Topics in this Article:
Introduction
Literature Review
Field Work and Methods
Results
Taxonomy
Distribution
Growth Habits
Relationships to Soils and Other Plants
Life History
Discussion
Summary
Literature Cited
Appendix A -- Field Data
Communications Received. 		 
This paper was originally presented at the 1999 Desert Research Symposium at the San Bernardino County Museum. The research is ongoing and the paper has been updated as new information becomes available.
   

Literature Cited

  A list of all literature cited by this web site can be found in the Bibliography.
 
Albee, Beverly, J, Leila M. Shultz, and Sherel Goodrich. 1988. Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah.: Utah Museum of Natural History, 1988.
 
Beattle, A. J., D. E. Breedlove and P. R. Ehrlich. 1973. The Ecology of the pollinators and predators of Frasera speciosa. Ecology. 54(1):81-91.
 
Brandegee, T. S. 1903. Flora of the Providence Mountains. Zoe. 5(9):147-153.

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Burd, Martin, Jenny Read, Gordon D. Sanson, and Tanguy Jaffré. 2006. AGE–SIZE PLASTICITY FOR REPRODUCTION IN MONOCARPIC PLANTS. Ecology. 87(11):2755–2764.
 
Chassot, Phillippe. 2003. A new species of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) from Nepal. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141(3):389-394.
 
Chassot, P., S. Nemomissa, Y.-M. Yuan, and P. Küpfer. 2001. High paraphyly of Swertia L. (Gentianaceae) in the Gentianella-lineage as revealed by nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence variation. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 229(1-2):1-21.
 
DeDecker, Mary. 1984. Flora of the northern Mojave Desert, California. Berkeley, CA: Califonia Native Plant Society.. {TAS}

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Deno, Norman C. 1993, 1996. Seed Germination Theory and Practice. {TAS}
 
Gilluly, James, and John B. Reeside, Jr. 1928. Sedimentary rocks of the San Rafael Swell and some adjacent areas in eastern Utah. Professional Paper 150-D. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1928. {TAS}

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Gross, Katherine L. 1984. Effects of Seed Size and Growth Form on Seedling Establishment of Six Monocarpic Perennial Plants. The Journal of Ecology. 72(2):369-387.
 
Hegazy, Ahmad K., and Hanan F. Kabiel. 2007. Significance of microhabitat heterogeneity in the spatial pattern and size-class structure of Anastatica hierochuntica L. Acta Oecologica. 31(3):332-342.
 
Hegazy, Ahmad K. 2000. Intra-population variation in reproductive ecology and resource allocation of the rare biennial species Verbascum sinaiticum Benth., in Egypt. Journal of Arid Environments. 44(2):185-196.
 
HEGZY A. K. ; ISMAIL S. M. 1990. Autecology of the desert monocarpic Rumex cyprius as influenced by water treatment. Acta oecologica. 13(2):193-202.
 
Heil, Kenneth D., Steve L. O’Kane, Jr., and Arnold Clifford. 2002. Additions to the Flora of New Mexico from the San Juan Basin Flora Project. The New Mexico Botanist. No. . {TAS-pdf}

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Hickman, James C. (Ed.). 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press..

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Huxman, Travis E., and Michael E. Loik. 1997. Reproductive Patterns of two Varieties of Yucca whipplei (Liliaceae) with Different Life Histories. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 158(6):778-784.
 
Kamenetsky, Rina. 1994. Life Cycle, Flower Initiation, and Propagation of the Desert Geophyte Allium rothii. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 155(5):597-605.
 
Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno, 1988..

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Kearney, Thomas H., Robert H. Peebles, et al. 1960. Arizona Flora. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press., 1960.

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
LeBuhn, Gretchen. 2004. Seasonal variation in reproductive traits in Ipomopsis longiflora (Polemoniaceae), a desert annual. Revue Canadienne de Botanique. 82(4):401-408.
 
McBride, Earle F., and M. Dane Picard. 2000. Origin and development of tafoni in Tunnel Spring Tuff, Crystal Peak, Utah, USA. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 25(8):869 - 879.

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Metcalf, Jessica C., Karen E. Rose, and Mark Rees. 2003. Evolutionary demography of monocarpic perennials. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 18(9):471-480.
 
Post, Douglas M. 1956. Studies in the Gentianaceae: Frasera and Swertia of North America. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. 1956..

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Post, Douglas M. 1958. Studies in Gentianaceae. I. Nodal anatomy of Frasera and Swertia perennis. Botanical Gazette. 120(1):1-14.
 
Pringle, James S. 1990. Taxonomic notes on Western American Gentianaceae. SIDA. 14(2):179-187.
 
Sustainable Ecosystems Institute. 2002. The San Miguel Headwaters - Valley Floor: Scientific Analysis, Synthesis, and Recommendations. Volume I. {TAS-pdf}
 
Taylor, Orley, R., Jr., and David W. Inouye. 1985. Synchrony and periodicy of flowering in Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae). Ecology. 66(2):521-527.
 
Tiehm, Arnold. 1985. Fanny Searls (1851-1939). Brittonia. 37(1):36-40.

Location records referred to by this literature:

 
Tissue, David T., and Park S. Nobel. 1990. Carbon Relations of Flowering in a Semelparous Clonal Desert Perennial. Ecology. 71(1):273-281.
 
von Hagen, Bernhard, and Joachim W. Kadereit. 2002. Phylogeny and Flower Evolution of the Swertiinae (Gentianaceae-Gentianeae): Homoplasy and the Principle of Variable Proportions. Systematic Botany. 27(3):548-572.
 
Welsh, Stanley L., et al. 1987. A Utah Flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs. 9. {TAS}
 
Xue, Chun-Ying, Ting-Nong Ho, De-Zhu Li. 2007. Embryology of Swertia (Gentianaceae) relative to taxonomy. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 155(3):383-400.
 
Yuan, Yong-Ming, Sébastien Wohlhauser, Michael Möller, Philippe Chassot, Guilhem Mansion, Jason Grant, Philippe Küpfer, and Jens Klackenberg. 2003. Monophyly and relationships of the tribe Exaceae (Gentianaceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 28(3):500-517.
     

Appendix A -- Field Data

For a listing of field data, click here.
     

Communications Received.

 
      Fri, 15 Sep 1995 23:10:50 -0400. Swertia albomarginata is also found in the New York Mountains of the East Mojave Desert Preserve and has appeared on a plant list for Clark Mtn even though I've not seen it there. Mary DeDecker reports it appearing in the Last Chance Mtns and Dry Mtn in the northern Mojave desert. It seems to be a limestone endemic but I wouldn't think it to be a relic - it's too widespread. Jim Pittman, jmpii@aol.com
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Date and time this article was prepared: 6/30/2008 10:49:27 AM