Edited by Tom Schweich  

Notes on Native and Non-Native Plants

Polygonum polygaloides Meisn.

Meisner in DC., Prodr. 14(1): 101 (1856) ...

19. P. polygaloides, nanum, glabrum, caule erecto tenui pauciramoso, ochreis hyalinis bipartitis laceris 3-nerviis, foliis anguste linearibus acutis 1-nerviis planis, spicis terminalibus densifloris ovato-oblongis basi folio fultis, bracteis imbricato- adpressis floro majoribus prominulo-1-nerviis medio circumscripte viridibus mar- gine albido-membranaceis, calyce parvo 5-partito carinato-trigono, achienio inclso triquetro, faciebus ovato-oblongis granulato-striatis opacis. ☉ In Clear-Water, Oregon (Spalding !). Plantula insignis, facie Polygolarum quarumdam, v. g. P. Monspeliensis, caule digitali tereti levi, infra nodos ángulato, ochreis basi fuscescentibus 2-3 lin., foliis 6-12 lin. longis, ⅓ lin. lalis, margine subtus obsolete nerviformi. Spicae 5-7 lin., bracteae demum: 2 lin. longae, 1 lin. latae, maculá viridi lineari-lanceolatá utrinque acutíá. Flores semiherbacei, 8-andri. Braeteae hujus speciei revera folia sunt, margine scarioso aucta, et basi ochrcam genuinam (caulinis omnino similem) gerunt. (v. s. in h. DC.)

Polygonum polygaloides Meissner ssp. kelloggii (E. Greene) Hickman

Greene, E. L. (1891) description in Flora Franciscana ...

6. P. Kelloggii. Erect, slender, simple or with a few widely divergent branches from the base, 1 — 3 in. high, the internodes very short, scarcely equalling the lobes of the sheaths, the whole plant glabrous : leaves linear, acute, ¼—½ in. long, almost divaricately spreading, never imbricated, not much smaller at the summits of the branches than below, all the axils floriferous : fl. several at each node, subsessile, ¾ line long, greenish : achene ½ line long, light brown, smooth or obscurely striate, the face rhombic-ovate. — Common in the Donner Lake region of the Sierra ; near P. imbricatum, but with spreading and equal leaves, no distinct inflorescence, the achenes light chestnut-brown. It is in the State Survey collection under n. 6005. Aug.— Oct.

Small, J. K. (1895) ...

[Plate 54.]

54. Polygonum Kelloggii Greene.

Polygonum Kelloggii Greene, Fl. Francis. 134 (1891).

Polygonum coardatum var. minus Meisner in DC. Prodr. 14 : 101 (1856), not P. minus Huds.; S. Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 316.

Annual, low, slender, glabrous throughout, somewhat scurfy. Stem mostly erect, 1-5 cm. long, divergently branched from near the base, more or less four-angled, in some cases slightly winged, internodes of the branches very short; leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, .4-1 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, acute, sessile, crowded on the branches but spreading and not imbricated, much the same size throughout, joined to the ocreae by inconspicuous articulations; ocreae funnelform, 1-2 mm. long, oblique, thin and early lacerate ; inflorescence axillary, consisting of clusters with several flowers, almost contigu- ous on account of the very short internodes, the branches appearing like leafy racemes ; pedicels .5 mm. long; calyx green, nearly 2 mm. long, five-parted to near the base, the segments oblofig, obtuse, with whitish or cream-colored margins; stamens about five, included; style often almost wanting; achene triquetrous, 1.5 mm. long, rhombic-ovoid, light-brown, granular, somewhat striate, dull.

Washington south to California and Colorado.

Hickman, James C. 1984. Nomenclatural Changes in Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex (Polygonaceae) Madroño 31(4), October 1984, pp. 249-252.

Polygonum polygaloides Meissner subsp. kelloggii (E. Greene) Hickman, stat. et comb. nov. — Polygonum kelloggii E. Greene, Fl. Fran. 134. 1891. — Type: only “State survey ...n. 6005” [Brewer], which has not been located, is mentioned in protologue, apparently without intent to consider it the type, but (CA, Nevada Co.) “Near Donner Lake,” Kellogg s.n., in 1870 (ND-G!) is labelled “type!’ in Greene’s hand. It is here considered holotype. Akenes of Kellogg are somewhat striate and to that extent intermediate to subsp. confertiflorum.

Silene menziesii Hook

Hooker, William Jackson, Sir, (1830) Flora boreali-americana, or, the botany of the northern parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To which are added (by permission of the Horticultural society of London,) those of Mr. Douglas, from north-west America, and of other naturalists

Sect. VII. Caulescentes. Pedunculi axillares; pedicelli elongati.

10. S. Menziesii ; pubescens, caule erecto ramoso dichotomo, foliis lato lanceolatis basi apiceque acuminatis, pedunculis axillaribus folium vix superantibus, floribus parvis, calycibus obovatis 5-fidis, petalorum limbo bipartito laciniis linearibus. (???. ???.)

Tota planta tenera, pube brevi, minuto obtecta. Caules spithamaei ad pedalem, erecti, flexuosi, teretes, subdense foliosi. Folia opposita, bi-rarius triuncialia, patentia, lanceolata, uninervia, basi attenuata, sed inferiora solummodo subpetiolata ; reliqua sessilia, apice in acumen subpungens attenuata. Pedunculi sub-biunciales, foliis vix longiores, graciles, simplices, erecti, alterni vel plerumque oppositi, nudi, nisi supremi, qui bibracteati. Flores magnitudine Silenis quadridentatae. Calyx oblongo-obovatus, basi subattenuatus, apice profunde 5-dentatus seu quinquefidus, dentibus vel paululum obscure decemcostatus, pubescens. Petala 5, calyce multo longiora, alba, unguiculata, corona nulla, limbo bupartito, laciniis linearibus, obtusis. Stamina pistillumque anthophoro, germinis longitudine, suffulta. Filamenta 10, subaequalia, exerta : Antherae oblongo-ovales. Germen ovale, obtusum. Styli tres, petalorum unguibus vix longiores. Capsula membranacea, calyce minor. Semina subtriginta.

Hab. North-West Coast of America. Mr. Menzies. Straits of Juan de Fuca, in lat. 48°. Dr. Scouler. Under the shade of solitary pines, on the low hills of the Oakanagan. Douglas. Portage d' embarras, Slave River. Dr. Richardson. — This species is totally unlike any other with which I am acquainted, somewhat resembling a slender state of Saponaria ocymoides, nor indeed does it accord with any of the divisional characters of the genus given by De Candolle: for here the peduncles are throughout solitary and single-flowered, and the stem is leafy to the very summit. Dr. Richardson's specimens are smaller than those from the east side of the Rocky Mountains, and have fewer flowers: but they are not otherwise different.

???. XXX. Plants:—natural size. Fig. 1, Flower; fig. 2, Stamens, pistil, and their stalk; fig. 3, Capsule : —magnified.

Jurgens studied floral morphometrics in Caryophylloideae …

Taxa studied by Jurgens (2006) that are native to Colorado.

• Silene acaulis

Taxa studied by Jurgens (2006) that are introduced to Colorado.

• Dianthus armeria
• Dianthus deltoides
• Saponaria ocymoides
• Saponaria officinalis
• Vaccaria hispanica
• Agrostemma gothago
• Silene dichotoma
• Silene latifolia
• Silene noctiflora
• Silene vulgaris

Anemonastrum canadense (L.) Mosyakin “Canadian Anemone”

Gayophytum racemosum Torr. & A. Gray. Blackfoot Groundsmoke

Torrey & A. Gray. 1840. Fl. N. Amer. 1(3): 514 ...

4. G. racemosum : glabrous, branching from the base; the branches mostly simple, ascending ; leaves short, linear, rather obtuse ; flowers (very minute) axillary throughout the branches ; segments of the calyx about the length of the petals, slightly exceeding the longer stamens ; shorter stamens with minute sterile anthers; capsules longer than the leaves, linear, rather obtuse, straight or slightly curved, tapering at the base into a very short pedicel. — Œnothera (Trichomeria) racemosa, Nutt. ! mss.

Elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains near Black-Foot River, Nuttall! July. — Stems 4-8 inches high. Capsules half an inch long, very slender, minutely torulose. — Resembles the preceding.

The preceding was Gayophytum caesium, now treated as a synonym of G. racemosum.

16 Feb 2025: Just for fun, I asked CHATGPT the following:

Thomas Nuttall traveled across North America on the Oregon Trail in 1834. Along the way, he collected a plant at a location he described as "Elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains near Black-Foot River" What name would we apply to that river today? Where might that collection have been made?

The answer was:

The "Black-Foot River" mentioned by Thomas Nuttall in 1834 is most likely the Blackfoot River in present-day Montana. This river is located in the Rocky Mountain region and aligns with Nuttall's description of "elevated plains near the Rocky Mountains."

As for the possible location of his plant collection, it was likely made somewhere in western Montana, possibly in the vicinity of where the Blackfoot River flows eastward from the mountains near the Continental Divide before joining the Clark Fork River. This area is characterized by a mix of montane and prairie ecosystems, making it a rich region for botanical exploration.

Nuttall was known for his extensive plant collection, and this area would have been an excellent spot to document new species during his journey westward along the Oregon Trail.

Apiaceae Lindl. nom. cons.

Carpological anatomical characters are important in the taxonomy of Apiaceae. At present, it is necessary to include them in any critical revision of taxa of every rank, to characterize species and genera and to identify groups of related taxa. To create standardized descriptions of these taxa, we have compiled a list of taxonomically important fruit anatomical characters. This list includes 15 characters and 79 character states. Fruit anatomical characters are often constant in genera and can characterize genera or groups of closely related genera. However, the same anatomical character can occur in distant taxa. All anatomical characters are illustrated on schematic transverse sections of mericarps or in photographs.

Aletes anisatus (A. Gray) W. L. Theob. & C. C. Tseng. “Anise Indian Parsley”

Homotypic synonyms (POWO, 2025)

• Cymopterus anisatus A.Gray in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15: 63 (1863)
• Pseudocymopterus anisatus (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose in Rev. N. Amer. Umbell.: 75 (1888)
• Pseudopteryxia anisata (A.Gray) Rydb. in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 40: 71 (1913)
• Pteryxia anisata (A.Gray) Mathias & Constance in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 69: 248 (1942)

Aletes anisatus was first described by Gray (1863) in his Enumeration of the Species of Plants Collected by Dr. C. C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J. P. Harbour, during the Summer and Autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado Territory, lat. 39°-41°. p. 63 Gray (1863) proposed the new species Cymopterus? anisatus citing Hall & Harbour's Coll. No. 222 (NY214432) and including Parry's 1861 collection (No. 157) with it.

222. Cymopterus? anisatus, n. sp., called " C. terebinthinus, var. foeniculaceus " in Parry's 1861 collection (No. 157); but it can hardly be either of Nuttall's species under those names, on account of the very long and subulate leaflets of the involucel as well as calyx-teeth, yet apparently related to them ; the foliage, &c, very similar. Mature fruit not collected ; some of the present collection pretty well formed has the wings abortive, while in younger fruits of 1861 these are obvious and somewhat undulate. This dubious plant inhabits "dry hills in the middle mountains, and is a very aromatic herb." The foliage of the dried specimens and the fruit have a pleasant anisate flavor, — characters unknown in the polymorphous genus Cymopterus, and rendering the genus of this plant yet more doubtful.

However, Parry's No. 157 from 1861 (NY3456484) stamped "Torrey Herbarium" has the following annotations:

• Cymopterus terebinthinus [illegible] on original label
• anisatus, Gray — in pencil on original label
• Pseudopteryxia anisata — written in ink above the label
• Pseudocymopterus Hendersoni C&R emend. 8/2/30 Det. by Mildred E. Mathias
• University of California, Los Angeles Pteryxia hendersonii (Coult. & Rose) Math. & Const. Teobald, Tseng, & Mathias, 1963

is currently determined Cymopterus hendersonii (Coult. & Rose) Cronquist.

Despite my confusion over the status of Parry's No. 157, Gray was basing his name of Cymopterus? anisatus upon Hall & Harbour's No. 222.

Porter & Coulter. 1874. Synopsis of the flora of Colorado. U. S. Govt. Printing Office.

CYMOPTERUS? ANISATUS, Gr. Proc. Ac.Phil., March, 1863, p.33. Acaulescent, caespitose from the much-branched caudex, glabrous ; leaves 4'-6' long, erect, narrow, on long petioles, somewhat rigid, pinnate, the leaflets 6-10 pairs, pinnately parted, segments entire or laciniately lobed, linear, pungently acute; scapes equally equaling oo exceeding the leaves, 6'-12' high; rays 6-12, unequal; involucre usually none; involucels of 6-8 linear, subulate leaaflets equaling the white flowers; calyx-teeth conspicuous linear-subulate, foliaceous; fruit 2” long, irregularly winged, the lateral ribs and the dosal one usually broader, rather thick, and not membranous ; vittae obscure, 1 in each narrow interval, 2-4 in the commissure ; seeds slightly concave, somewhat crenately suleate under the dorsal intervals. — In the mountains. Hall & Harbour, 222; Canby.

Coulter & Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. p. 75-76. Coulter & Rose proposed Pseudocymopterus and placed our plant there.

3. P. anisatus. Acaulescent, cespitose from a much branched caudex which is more or less covered with the remains of old leaves: leaves on long petioles, narrow, somewhat rigid, pinnate and the leaflets pinnately-parted into linear (sometimes linear-oblong) pungently acute segments: peduncles 6 to 12 inches high, exceeding the leaves; umbel unequally 5 to l2-rayed, with involucels of linear-subulate (sometimes lobed) bractlets exceeding the white or yellow flowers; rays ½ to 3 inches long; pedicels 1 to 3 lines long: fruit about 2 lines long, the carpel irregularly 2 to 5-winged, with prominent group of strengthening cells in each one: oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissural side: seed-face plane. (Figs. 75, 76.) — Cymopterus terebinthinus, var. foeniculaceus Gray, Am. jour. Sci. 2. xxxiii. 408. C. anisatus Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 63.

Mountains, from Colorado and Utah to N. W. Wyoming and Oregon. Fl. June to August This is Hall & Harbour 22.

I think the reference to “Hall & Harbour 22” in the last line should refer to their collection number 222. See Gray (1853) and Porter & Coulter (1874), both above.

Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXVIII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 43-74, p. 71.

Rydberg (1913), after demolishing Coulter & Rose's Pseudocymopterus proceeds to propose Pseudopteryxia and place our plant therein. Rydberg's definition of Pseudopteryxia is given below.

Pseudopteryxia anisata (A. Gray) Rydb. Cymopterus (?) anisatus A. Gray, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1862: 63. 1863. Pseudocymopterus anisatus C. & R. Rev. N. Am. Umb. 75. 1888.

Mathias & Constance. 1942. New Combinations and New Names in the Umbelliferae-II. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 68(3), 244-248.

Three species, which have heretofore collectively found a place in Pseudocymopterus Coult. & Rose and have individually been referred also to Cymopterus, Aletes Coult. & Rose, and Pseudopteryxia, have not exhibited complete conformity with any of these groups. The habit, the prominent rather that obsolete to evident calyx lobes, and the membranous rather than spongy wings of the fruit relate these species more closely to Pteryxia than to the type species of Pseudocymopterus. We believe that referring these species to Pteryxia will result in a more natural classification. The following transfer are required:

Pteryxia anisata (Gray) Mathias & Constance, comb. nov. Cymopterus ? anisatus Gray, Proc. Acad. Phla. 1863: 63. 1864. Pseudocymopterus anisatus Coult. & Rose, Rev. N. Am. Umbel. 75. 1888. Pseudocymopterus aletifolius Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 31: 574. 1904. Pseudopteryxia anisata Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 40: 71. 1913. Pseudopteryxia aletifolia Rydb. op. cit. p. 72.

… [P. Hendersoni and P. Davidsoni not reproduced here]

Theobald, Tseng, and Mathias. 1963. A revision of Aletes and Neoparrya (Umbelliferae). Brittonia 16: 296-315. July 1963.

...
This species was previously referred to Pteryxia but is here transferred to Aletes on the basis of the following characters: 1) the presence of a single vitta in the intervals and of two in the commissure; 2) the dorsal ribs of the fruit obscure and the lateral ones inconspicuous or slightly winged; 3) the fruit terete in transection; 4) the leaves pinnately compound. Aletes anosatus has been confused with the superficially similar Pteryxia hendersonii. In fact Gray (1864) in the protologus of A. anisatus, cited in addition to the type, material of P. hendersonii collected by Parry. The nature of the inflorescence and both the external and internal anatomy of the fruit are quite different in tese two taxa.	vitta. =oil tube, see Glossary.
…

Cymopterus lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn

• Thaspium montanum A.Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n.s., 4: 57 (1849)
• Ligusticum montanum (A.Gray) A.Gray in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, ser. 2, 4: 57 (1868), nom. illeg.
• Pseudocymopterus montanus (A.Gray) J.M.Coult. & Rose in Rev. N. Amer. Umbell.: 74 (1888)
• Peucedanum lemmonii J.M.Coult. & Rose in Bot. Gaz. 14: 277 (1889)
• Lomatium lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) J.M.Coult. & Rose in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 7: 231 (1900)
• Cymopterus lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn

Gray, A. 1849. Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae :an account of a collection of plants made chiefly in the vicinity of Santa Fe´ New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler

276. Thaspium? montanum (sp. nov.): glaberrimum; caule erecto gracili e radice fusiformi crassa ; foliis biternatisectis, foliolis cuneiformibus trifidis, lobis oblongis lanceolatisve nunc linearibus integris vel majoribus incisis ; petiolis longe spathaceo-dilatatis ; involucro nullo; inyolucello e foliolis circ. 9 setaceis inaequalibus pedicellos aquantibus. — Sunny declivities, at the foot of mountains, along Santa Fé Creek; April and July. — There are two forms in the collection ; one, probably the vernal state, is only a span high, with the leaves cut into linear or lanceolate divisions; the other, probably gathered in July, is a foot or two in height and with coarser foliage. There is apparently no other distinction. The base of the stem is clothed with brown vestiges of radical sheaths. The flowers are bright yellow. One specimen exhibits half-grown fruit, which agrees very well with Thaspium, except that the dorsal wings are rudimentary : the intervals show single or double vitte.

However, Torrey & Gray had previously proposed Cymopterus montanus Torr. & A. Gray (1840) from a Nuttall manuscript under Phellopterus, found on “High bare plains of the Platte, towards the Rocky Mountains.” We now place this in Vesper montanus (Torr. & A.Gray) R.L.Hartm. & G.L.Nesom. Under our current rules, this makes montanus unavailable for our plant found by Fendler.

Asa Gray. 1867. Characters of New Plants of California and Elsewhere, principally of those collected by H. N. Bolander in the State Geological Survey. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. VII. (from May 1865 to May 1868) June 11, 1867. p. 347 of pp. 327-401.

Ligusticum montanum = Thaspium ? montanum, Gray, Pl. Fendl., Pl. Wright, &c., (referred to Ligusticum by Bentham and Hooker, but by their characters should be a Selinum,) has mericarps in some specimens almost orbicular, including the broad marginal wings, in others oblong-oval ; in both the strong vittae are sometimes single, sometimes double. The foliage is very variable for one and the same species ; but the form with long and slender divisions to the leaves shows fruit of both shapes.

Pseudocymopterus montanus J.M.Coult. & Rose, Rev. N. Amer. Umbell. 74, f. 73 (1888).

17. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS. — Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials from a thick elongated root, with bipinnate leaves (shorter than the peduncles), no involucre, and involucels of narrow bractlets mostly longer than the white or yellow flowers.

This genus is constructed to contain a species that has been referred doubtfully to Thaspium and Ligusticum, and two others that have been referred to Cymopterus. That P. montanus should be referred to Thaspium is no longer held. It seems generically distinct from Ligusticum on acount of its broad lateral fruit-wings and irregular dorsal and intermediate ribs, dorsal flattening of the fruit, depressed stylopodium, often solitary oil-tubes, and yellow flowers. P. bipinnatus and P. anisatus are distinct from Cymopterus on account of their smaller fruit, which does not have broad dorsal and intermediate wings, is dorsally flattened, and contains prominent strengthening cells. The three species form a well-defined genus.

1. P. montanus. Stem erect, slender, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves mostly with broad outline; leaflets cut into 3 or 5 oblong or lanceolate segments, the upper often entire: umbel to 12-rayed, with involucels of linear or setaceous bractlets longer than the yellow flowers; rays 6 to 9 lines long; pedicels about a line long: fruit broadly oblong, about 2 lines long, with lateral wings (not cohering) almost as broad as body, the dorsal and intermediates very variable (either ribbed or narrowly winged): oil-lubes 1 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the comissural side: seed-face plane.

(Fig. 73.) — Thaspium (?) montanum Gray, Pl. Fendl. 57. Ligusticum montanum Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant, i. 912 and 914.

Colorado. New Mexico, and Arizona.

Widely variable, especially in its foliage. The following are the extreme forms:

Var. tenuifolius. …

Var. purpureus …

Peucedanum lemmonii J.M.Coult. & Rose, First published in Bot. Gaz. 14: 277 (1889)

Peudedanum Lemmoni. Caulescent, with most of the leaves near the base, 12 to 15 in. high, clothed at base old leaf sheaths, from an elongated rather slender root, glabrous; leaves broad triangular in outline (5 to 8 in. long including petiole), twice or thrice pinnate (or so broad as to appear at first ternate), the ultimate segments linear (1 to 2 in. long); uppermost leaves much smaller and simply pinnate: umbel 6 to 8-rayed, with no involucre, and involucels of a few almost filiform bractlets ; rays short (3 to 7 lines long), making the fruits appear in a head-like cluster ; pedicels a line long : flowers white (?) :fruit oblong, glabrous, 2½ lines long, scarcely 2 lines broad, with thickish wings about half as broad as body, and distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs: oil- tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 4 on the commissural side: seed-face plane.

Huachuca Mountains, S. E. Arizona, Fund, 1887 (Lemmon 392).

The appearance of the leaves of this species is quite unusual for Peucedanum, but its affinities with that genus are clear. The specific relationship is not so clear. Mr. Lemmon writes that the plant seems very rare.

Coulter, John M., and J. N. Rose. 1900. Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium Vol. VII.

Coulter & Rose (1900) continued to accept Pseudocymopterus montanus and placed Peucedanum lemmonii under Lomatium lemmonii. Thus we have the same plants under two names.

[p. 188]

1. Pseudocymopterus montanus (Gray) C. & R. Rey. N. Am. Umbell. 74. 1888. Fig. 56.

Thaspium(?) montanum Gray, Pl. Fendl. 57. 1849. Ligusticum montanum Benth. & Hook. in Watson Bibliog. Index, 426. 1878.

Stem erect, slender, 3 to 6 dm. high, more or less leafy, glabrous except at the base of the umbel or on the rays; the bipinnate leaves mostly with broad outline; leaflets exceedingly variable, variously cut or entire; umbel 6 to 12-rayed, with involucels of linear or setaceous bractlets longer than the yellow flowers; rays 12 to 30mm. long; pedicels about 2 mm. long; fruit broadly oblong, 4 to 5 mm. long, with lateral wings almost as broad as body, the dorsal and intermediates very variable (either ribbed or narrowly winged); oil tubes 1 to 4 in the intervals, 4 to 6 on the commissural side; seed much flattened.

Type locality, “Sunny declivities, at the foot of mountains, along Santa Fe Creek,” New Mexico; collected by Fendler, no. 276: type in U.S. Nat. Herb.

From New Mexico and Arizona to Utah, Colorado, and western Wyoming.

Specimens examined :

New Mexico: Type specimens as cited under type locality; Santa Fe Canyon, near Santa Fe (type locality), altitude 2,400 meters, 4. A. A & E. Gertrude Heller 3651, June 2, 1897; White Mountains, Lincoln County, altitude 2,250 meters, Wooton 350, August 15, 1897,

Arizona: Flagstaff, Jones 4016, August 7, 1884; same station, Tracy 236, June 24, 1887; about Mormon Lake, altitude 1,800 meters, Mac Dougal 106, June 12, 1898.

Utah: Ward 330, 494, in 1875; Marysvale and Panguitch Lake, altitude 2,520 to 2,670 meters, Jones 5367, 6015, June and September, 1894.

Colorado: Halfmoon Creek, Union Creek Pass (altitude 3,600 meters), Lake Creek, and Clear Creek, Wolf 716, 719, 720, 724, June-August, 1873; North Park, Sheldon 124, July 28, 1884; Durango, Alice Eastwood, June 7, 1890; Cameron Pass, altitude 3,600 meters, Crandall, September 1, 1890; Williams Canyon, altitude 2,100 meters, Crandall, May 27, 1892; Middle Park, Beardslee 125, August, 1892; Rabbit Ear Range, altitude 2,940 meters, Crandall, July 20, 1894; Telluride, altitude 3,240 meters, Tweedy 204, August 25, 1894; Leadville, Osterhout, June, 1895; Gore Mountains, altitude 2,850 meters, Bethel, August, 1895; Leadville and Breckenridge, altitude 3,000 to 3,150 meters, Holzinger 1, 2, May-June, 1896; Cameron Pass, altitude 3,000 meters, Baker 5, July 18, 1896; Pikes Peak, altitude 2,520 meters, Knowlton 3, June 14, 1896: hills above Mancos (altitude 2,400 to 2,700 meters), and Cumberland Basin, La Plata Mountains (altitude 3,690 meters), Baker, Earle & Tracy 137, 619, June-July, 1898.

Wyoming: Saw Mill Creek and Laramie Hills, Nelson 1258, May, 1894 and 1895; Madison River, Yellowstone Park, A. & E. Nelson 5496, June 23. 1899.

Extremely variable, but the two following forms seem to be worthy of varietal rank:

… refers to var. tenuifolius and var. purpureus.

[p.231]

…

41. Lomatium lemmoni C. & R.

Peucedanum lemmoni C. & R. Bot. Gaz. 14: 277. 1889.

Caulescent, with most of the leaves near the base, 3 to 4 dm. high, clothed at base with old leaf sheaths, from an elongated rather slender root, glabrous; leaves broad triangular in outline, 12.5 to 20 cm, long, including petiole, twice or thrice pinnate (or so broad as to appear at first ternate); the ultimate segments linear, 2.5 to 5 em, long; upper- most leaves much smaller and simply pinnate; umbel 6 to 8-rayed, with involucels of a few almost filiform bractlets; rays short, 6 to 14 mm. long, making the fruits appear in a head-like cluster; pedicels 2 mm. long; flowers white (4); fruit oblong, glabrous, 5 mm. long, scarcely 4 mm. broad, with thickish wings about half as broad as body, and distinct dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the dorsal intervals, 2 or 3 in the lateral, 4 to 6 on the commissural side; seed face plane.

Type locality, “Huachuca Mountains,” southeast Arizona; collected by Lemmon, no. 392, June, 1887; type in U.S. Nat. Herb.

Only known from the type locality.

Specimens examined: Arizona: Type specimens as cited under type locality.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora — XXVIII Bulletin of the Torrey Btanical Club, 40:73-74. pp. 70-71.

PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS C. & R.

This genus is one of the most unnatural in Coulter & Rose's Monograph. Jones* called attention to this fact, although he included the genus, as well as Oreoxys, Rhysopterus, Aulospermum, and Pteryxia in Cymopterus, and does not go to the bottom of the facts. The genus as constituted by Coulter and Rose contains at least three distinct groups of plants of little relationship to each other. The first group contains Pseudocymopterus montanus and its close relatives; the second of P. anisatus and P. aletifolius, and perhaps P. Hendersonii, which I do not know; and the third of P. bipinnatus and probably Cymopterus nivalis S. Wats., of which the fruit is unknown. P. montanus is the type of the genus, which latter therefore must be restricted to it and its relatives. Jones includes P. anisatus and P. bipinnatus in his section Oreoxis, but the genus Oreoxis has all ribs corky and the lateral ones scarcely more prominent than the dorsal ones, the fruit is not flattened dorsally, the styles and sepals are erect. In Pseudocymopterus anisatus the lateral wings are very prominent, the dorsal ribs narrowly winged or some of them merely acute, the styles are recurved, the sepals spreading and one or two of them larger than the rest, and the fruit is decidedly flattened dorsally. The plant is more related to Aletes than to Oreoxis, and P. aletifolius connects it with that genus. It can not be placed in Aletes, however, for in that genus the fruit is not compressed and the ribs not winged. It would be much better to include P. anisatus and P. aletifolius in Pteryxia, as they have the foliage and nearly the same fruit as in that genus, but the strictly acaulescent plant, the narrow and thick wings of the fruit and the very prominent and unequal calyx-teeth would make it rather abnormal even in that genus. Although it does not differ so much in the technical characters of the fruit from the typical Pseudocymopterus, the habit is quite different, so also the texture of the leaves, and in Pseudocymopterus the sepals are minute. It is better to regard P. anisatus as a type of a new genus.

*Cont. West. Bot. 12: 24-29. 1908.

Kearney, Thomas H. (Thomas Henry), 1874-1956. Peebles, Robert H. (Robert Hibbs), 1900-1956. 1942. p. 654. Flowering plants and ferns of Arizona Miscellaneous publication / United States Department of Agriculture, no. 423 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/65599 Washington, D.C, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1942

This is the first publication I have found that recognizes that Pseudocymopterus montanus and Peucedanum lemmonii are the same plant, i.e., that joins the specific epithets of montanus and lemmonii, when the authors place Peucedanum lemmonii in synonomy with Pseudosymopterus montanus.

1. Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) Coult. and Rose, Rev. North Amer. Umbell. 74. 1888.

Thaspium (?) montanum A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Mem. ser. 2, 4: 57. 1849. Peucedanum lemmoni Coult. and Rose, Bot. Gaz. 14: 277. 1889. Lomatium lemmoni Coult. and Rose, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 7: 231. 1900. Pseudocymopterus multifidus Rydb., Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 33:147. 1906. Pseudocymopterus purpureus (Coult. and Rose) Rydb., ibid. Pseudocymopterus tenuifolius (A. Gray) Rydb., ibid.

Apache County to Coconino County, south to Cochise and Pima Counties, 5,500 to 12,000 feet, common in pine woods. Southern Wyoming to western Utah, south to northern Mexico.

This species is exceedingly variable in vegetative characters, such as leaf division, shape and size of. the ultimate segments, and height of growth. These characters are governed to a great extent by the habitat of the individual plant. The flower color sometimes varies on the same plant from yellow, through orange purple, to purple. In some individuals the dorsal wings of the fruit are absent through abortion.

Dorn (1977) first published Cymopterus lemmonii (J.M.Coult. & Rose) Dorn. This publication is not available online, so I have not seen it.

I assume that Dorn pointed out that the specific epithet montanus was unavailable for our plant. The next specific epithet that was available was lemmonii.

Utah Flora (2 ed., Welsh, et al., 1993) treats our plant as Cymopterus lemmonii (Coulter & Rose) Dorn.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) treats our plant as Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) Coulter & Rose.

Flora of Colorado (1st ed., Ackerfield, 2015) treats our plant as Cymopterus lemmonii (J. M. Coult. & Rose) Dorn, placing Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose in synonomy.

Flora Neomexicana (2 ed., Allred & Jercinovic, 2020, v. III, Part 2, p. 55) places our plant in Cymopterus lemmonii (Coulter & Rose) Dorn.

Flora of Colorado (2 ed., Ackerfield, 2022) treats our plant as Pseudocymopterus montanus (A. Gray) J. M. Coult. & Rose placing Cymopterus lemmonii (J. M. Coult & Rose) Dorn in synonomy.

Heracleum maximum Bartram “American Cow-Parsnip”

Bartram, William. 1791, Travels through North and South Carolina ... p. 342.

I obferved growing in great abundance in thefe mountain meadows, Sanguiforba Canadenfis and Heracleum maximum ; the latter exhibiting a fine fhow, being rendered confpicuous even at a great diftance, by its great height and fpread, vaft pennatifid leaves and expanfive umbels of fnow-white flowers. The fwelling bafes of the furrounding hills fronting the meadows prefented for my acceptance the fragrant red ftrawberry, in painted beds of many acres furface, indeed I may fafely fay, many hundreds.

I observed growing in great abundance in these mountain meadows, Sanguisorba canadensis and Heracleum maximum; the latter exhibiting a fine show, being rendered conspicuous even at a great distance, by its great height and spread, vast pinnatifid leaves and expansive umbels of snow-white flowers. The swelling bases of the surrounding hills fronting the meadows presented for my acceptance the fragrant red strawberry, in painted beds of many acres surface, indeed I may safely say, many hundreds.

Ligusticum filicinum S. Watson

Coulter, John M. and J. N. Rose. 1889 ... p. 278-279 …

Ligusticum filicinum Watson was collected in great abundance near Lake City, Colorado, by E. J. Ebert, in 1888, and in the mountains back of Denver by John Kochan in July, 1889. This is the “Osha” of the Indians, who use its very large aromatic roots. It was referred to L. apiifolium by Rothrock in report of Wheeler's Expedition, who collected it about Twin Lakes, Colorado.

Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson

Watson (1876,p. 140) in Watson, Sereno. 1876 VI. Botanical Contributions (pp. 105-148), 3. Description of New Species of Plants, chiefly Californian, with Revision of certain Genera (pp. 121-148). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Series, Vol. III. Whole Series. Vol. XI. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35728#page/148/

LIGUSTICUM FILICINUM. Rather slender, erect, a foot and a half high : leaves broadly triangular in outline, ternate, the divisions bipinnate, and the segments deeply pinnatifid with linear acute lobes : rays 10 to 15, an inch or two long; involucre none ; involucels of one or few small linear bracts ; pedicels slender : fruit oblong, three lines long, with dilated crenate disk but obscure stylophore, strongly ribbed on the back, the lateral ribs narrow; vittte obscure: seed flattened, concave on the face, obscurely ridged on the back. — L. apiifolium, Watson, Bot. King's Rep. 125. L. scopulorum, Parry in Am. Naturalist, 9. 271. In the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains (n. 454 Watson ; n. 82 Parry, S. Utah collection), and northward to Wyoming (n. 121 Parry, N. W. Wyoming collection). Both L. apiifolium, of Oregon and California, and L. scopulorum, of Colorado, have much less dissected foliage, and different fruit, which is shorter and more oval, with conical stylophore, less flattened carpels, and a medial longitudinal ridge upon the face of the seed. These two species are very similar, but the latter has the more broadly winged ovate fruit, and the more depressed seed. There are indications of one or two other species, but fruit is needed for their confirmation.

Watson (1879, p. 293) in Watson, Sereno. 1879. 2. Descriptions of some new Species of North American Plants. pp. 288-203. XV. Contributions to American Botany, pp. 213-303. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Series, Vol. VI. Whole Series. Vol. XIV,

Ligusticum tenuifolium. Stem slender, 12 to 18 inches high, naked above the base or with a single sessile leaf, and bearing a single naked umbel with rarely a lateral sterile one : leaves small (2 or 3 inches long), ternate and pinnately decompound, finely dissected with laciniately divided leaflets, the ultimate segments linear, a line or two long: rays few (7 to 11), an inch long or less : involucels of 1 or 2 narrowly linear bracts : fruit (scarcely mature) oblong, 2 lines long, narrowly ribbed, with narrow disk and conical styliphore : seed concavo-convex. — Mountains of Colorado ; Hall & Harbour (n. 216, in part) ; Wolf & Rothrock, n. 721. Leaves much more finely divided even than in L. filicinum, and fruit very different.

Watson (1879, p. 293) in Watson, Sereno. 1879. 2. Descriptions of some new Species of North American Plants. pp. 288-203. XV. Contributions to American Botany, pp. 213-303. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. New Series, Vol. VI. Whole Series. Vol. XIV,

Ligusticum tenuifolium. Stem slender, 12 to 18 inches high, naked above the base or with a single sessile leaf, and bearing a single naked umbel with rarely a lateral sterile one : leaves small (2 or 3 inches long), ternate and pinnately decompound, finely dissected with laciniately divided leaflets, the ultimate segments linear, a line or two long: rays few (7 to 11), an inch long or less : involucels of 1 or 2 narrowly linear bracts : fruit (scarcely mature) oblong, 2 lines long, narrowly ribbed, with narrow disk and conical styliphore : seed concavo-convex. — Mountains of Colorado ; Hall & Harbour (n. 216, in part) ; Wolf & Rothrock, n. 721. Leaves much more finely divided even than in L. filicinum, and fruit very different.

Mathias & Constance (1941, p. 123) in Mathias, Mildred E. and Lincoln Constance. 1941. New Combinations and New Names in the Umbelliferae. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 68(2)

Ligusticum filicinum Wats, var. tenuifolium (Wats.) Mathias & Constance, comb. nov. Ligusticum tenuifolium Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 14: 293. 1879. Ligusticum oreganum Coult. & Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 7: 138. 1900

Goodrich (1986, p. 90) in Goodrich, Sherel. 1986. Utah Flora: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) The Great Basin Naturalist. 46. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7797254#page/79/

Ligusticum tenuifolium Wats. Small Ligusticum; Slender-leaf Ligusticum. [L. filicinum var. tenuifolium (Wats.) Mathias & Const. ]. Plants 11-64 cm tall, glabrous mildly aromatic from a taproot, the crown more or less covered by short shredded old leaf bases; leaves basal and sometimes 1 or 2 cauline, ternate and then 2—3 times pinnate with 5—7 pairs of lateral primary leaflets; petioles 1.2-13.5 em long; blades 3-19 cm long, completely dissected, ovate in outline; lowest pair of primary leaflets about 1/2 to 2/3 as long as the blade, on petiolules (0.5) 1-4 cm long, the upper primary leaflets progressively reduced, the ultimate segments 2-9 mm long, 0.5-1.5 (2.5) mm wide; scapes or peduncles 10—45 (61) em long; involucre lacking; umbel solitary or the terminal one sometimes subtended by a lateral 1 (very rarely 2) that usually arises from the axil of a reduced leaf; rays 6—15, 0.5—3.6 cm long; involucels lacking or of 1—3 filiform- linear bractlets to 3 mm long; pedicels 2—4 mm long; calyx obsolete; petals about 1 mm long, white, sometimes tinged with light purple in age; stylopodium evident, conic; styles 0.5—0.8 mm; fruit about 3-5 mm long. Moist and wet meadows, along streams in lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce woods at 2,440 to 3,420 m, common across the Uinta Mountains, in Daggett, Duchesne, Summit, Uintah, and Wasatch counties; northeast Oregon to western Montana south to Colorado and Uinta Mountains of Utah; 37 (xviii). Through a series of features (none of which are exclusive), plants of L. tenuifolium are readily distinguished from those of L. filicinum. The two taxa are sympatric in the western Uinta Mountains, where somewhat intermediate specimens occur, but the range of overlap is small and few specimens seem intermediate.

Ackerfield (2015, p. 85; 2022, p. 98) is consistent,

2a. Plants generally 5-13 dm tall, relatively robust, caulescent with 1 or more well-developed stem leaves; fruit 5-8 mm. long. …L. filicinum

2b. Plants generally small and slender, 1-7 dm tall, scapose or subscapose with 1 stem leaf that is much reduced or lacking all together; fruit 2-5 mm. long. … L. tenuifolium.

Plants of the World uses the World Checklist of Vascular Plants.

The SEINet (2024) taxon tree accepts both L. tenuifolium and L. filicinum var. tenuifolium

Apiaceae Lindl. Apioideae (Drude) Thorne ex Royen Ligusticum L. ... Ligusticum filicinum S. Watson Ligusticum filicinum var. filicinum S. Watson Ligusticum filicinum var. tenuifolium (S. Watson) Mathias & Constance ... Ligusticum tenuifolium S. Watson

Oxypolis fendleri (A. Gray) Heller

Archemora fendleri A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts n.s. 4: 56 (1849).

272. Archemora Fendleri (sp. nov.) : radice fasciculato-tuberosa; caule simplici ; foliis pinnatis 5—7-foliolatis ; petiolis basi spathaceis; foliolis oblongo-ovatis obtusis vel fol. supremorum lanceolatis inciso-serratis utrinque viridibus ; involucellis nullis; fructibus parvulis angusto-alatis. — Margins of Santa Fé Creek, in fertile soil; June, July. — This is clearly a congener of Archemora rigida, although it wants the involucels. The root consists of three or four oblong, fasciculated, and pendulous tubers about an inch long. Stem slender, one to two feet high. Cauline leaves two or three. Leaflets three fourths of an inch to an inch and a half long; those of the radical and lower cauline leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse ; all incisely serrate throughout ; not barely 2 —3-toothed, as in A. rigida. Umbel small. Fruit hardly two lines in length, oval; the wing-like margins narrower than the disk. Vitte of the commissure four, of which two are shorter, as is often the case in A. rigida.

It is not entirely clear, however, I think Archemora rigida is probably a synynonym of Oxypolis rigidior (L.) Raf. The basionym is Sium rigidus L.

Heller, A. A. 1897. Notes on Plants of New Mexico. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 24(10). pp. 477-479

Oxypolis Fendleri (A. Gray).

Archemora Fendleri A. Gray, Mem. Am: Acad. (II) 2: 1849.

The original of this species is Fendler’s no. 272, collected on “margins of Santa Fe Creek, in fertile soil.” Our no. 3801 was obtained in similar situations, always growing on the very edge of the stream, or in wet, marshy places. It was first noticed at a point eight miles east of Santa Fe, and is scattered at intervals along the upper part of the stream, which rises in the mountains some twenty miles from the town.

Pseudocymopterus J.M.Coult. & Rose

Coulter & Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. p. 74.

17. PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS. — Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials from a thick elongated root, with bipinnate leaves (shorter than the peduncles), no involucre, and involucels of narrow bractlets mostly longer than the white or yellow flowers.

This genus is constructed to contain a species that has been referred doubtfully to Thaspium and Ligusticum, and two others that have been referred to Cymopterus. That P. montanus should be referred to Thaspium is no longer held. It seems generically distinct from Ligusticum on account of its broad lateral fruit-wings and irregular dorsal and intermediate ribs, dorsal flattening of the fruit, depressed stylopodium, often solitary oil-tubes, and yellow flowers. P. bipinnatus and P. anisatus are distinct from Cymopterus on account of their smaller fruit, which does not have broad dorsal and intermediate wings, is dorsally flattened, and contains prominent strengthening cells. The three species form a well-defined genus.

Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXVIII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 43-74, p. 70-71.

PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS C. & R. This genus is one of the most unnatural in Coulter & Rose’s Monograph. Jones* called attention to this fact, although he included the genus, as well as Oreoxys, Rhysopterus, Aulospermum, and Pteryxia in Cymopterus, and does not go to the bottom of the facts. The genus as constituted by Coulter and Rose contains at least three distinct groups of plants of little relationship to each other. The first group contains Pseudocymopterus montanus and its close relatives; the second of P. anisatus and P. aletifolius, and perhaps P. Hendersonii, which I do not know; and the third of P. bipinnatus and probably Cymopterus nivalis S. Wats., of which the fruit is unknown. P. montanus is the type of the genus, which latter therefore must be restricted to it and its relatives. Jones includes P. anisatus and P. bipinnatus in his section Oreoxis, but the genus Oreoxis has all ribs corky and the lateral ones scarcely more prominent than the dorsal ones, the fruit is not flattened dorsally, the styles and sepals are erect. In Pseudocymopterus anisatus the lateral wings are very prominent, the dorsal ribs narrowly winged or some of them merely acute, the styles are recurved, the sepals spreading and one or two of them larger than the rest, and the fruit is decidedly flattened dorsally. The plant is more related to Aletes than to Oreoxis, and P. aletifolius connects it with that genus. It can not be placed in Aletes, however, for in that genus the fruit is not compressed and the ribs not winged. It would be much better to include P. anisatus and P. aletifolius in Pteryxia, as they have the foliage and nearly the same fruit as in that genus, but the strictly acaulescent plant, the narrow and thick wings of the fruit and the very prominent and unequal calyx-teeth would make it rather abnormal even in that genus. Although it does not differ so much in the technical characters of the fruit from the typical Pseudocymopterus, the habit is quite different, so also the texture of the leaves, and in Pseudocymopterus the sepals are minute. It is better to regard P. anisatus as a type of a new genus.

Following his comments above regarding Pseudocymopterus J. M. Coulter & Rose, Rydberg goes on to propose Pseudopteryxia and place P. anisatus therein.

Pseudopteryxia Rydb.

Rydberg, P. A. 1913. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXVIII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 43-74, p. 71.

Pseudopteryxia Rydb. gen. nov. Densely cespitose, strong-scented, acaulescent perennials with multicipital caudices covered with numerous sheaths of old leaves. Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid with thick, firm, pungent divisions. Flowers yellow; involucres wanting; bractlets linear-subulate, pungent. Calyx-teeth very prominent, spreading, unequal, one or two much longer than the rest. Stylopodium wanting. Fruit oblong, glabrous. Ribs thick, the dorsal and intermediate ones sharp or some of them with narrow wings; the lateral ones with broader wings, distinct from those of the other carpel. Carpels flattened dorsally. Oil tubes 1-3 in the intervals, 2-4 on the commissural side. Seed face plane.

Synthyris plantaginea (James) Benth. “White River Kittentails”

James, Edwin. 1826. Catalogue of Plants collected during a Journey ... Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. new ser.:v.2 (1825)

V[eronica] plantaginea. N. S.? Flowers spiked, unibracteate. Capsule nearly orbicular, dehiscent at the margin. Radical leaves numerous and large, oval-lanceolate, stiped. Margin crenate. Those of the scape few, sessile and alternate. Spike long, dense-flowered.

This plant, so unlike in habit and appearance to the American Species of Veronica, seems referable to no other Genus among the Pediculariae of Jussieu, to whic it is manifestly nearly allied. Habitat on open plains within the Rocky Mountains; flowering in June and July.

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1903. Some Generic Segregations.

IV. A fourth segregation is proposed in Synthyris. Professor Greene has included this genus in Wulfenia and he has been followed by many American botanists. Wulfenia, represented by European and Asiatic plants, has a 4-valved capsule, which is neither flattened nor emarginate at the apex, and a corolla with along tube. All the American species have flattened capsules, which are 2-valved and obcordate at the apex. In this respect they agree perfectly with Veronica. The original Synthyris (S. reniformis) and a few related species have a corolla that is built exactly on the same plan as that of Veronica, and it is only the general habit that keeps them out of that genus. S. alpina and its relatives, on the contrary, have an altogether different corolla, cleft to near the base into two distinct lips. S. rubra and its allies have no corollas but agree otherwise both in general appearance and structure of the flower and fruit with S. alpina. It would however hardly be advisable to place them in different genera merely on account of the presence or absence of the corolla. The related genera are distinguished as follows :

1a. Corolla scarcely 2-lipped ; almost equally deeply 4-lobed. 2a. Corolla tubular-funnelform; capsule neither flattened nor obcordate at the apex, 4-valved. 3a. Leaves alternate but mostly basal. Wulfenia. 3b. Leaves opposite; stem leafy. Leptandra. 2b. Corolla rotate or short-campanulate ; capsule flattened, obcordate, 2-valved. 4a. Leaves opposite or whorled ; stem leafy. Veronica. 4b. Leaves alternate, but mostly basal ; plant with a mostly naked scape, Synthyris. 1b. Corolla, if present, deeply 2-lipped; upper lip entire, broad, arcuate ; lower lip straight and deeply laciniate ; leaves alternate but mostly basal ; scape bracted. Besseya.

Synthyris Benth.; DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846

This genus was based on S. reniformis. S. rubra was also included in the genus by the author, but he admits that it is a rather anomalous member, lacking the corolla. It is, however, more nearly related to S. alpina, which has a corolla of a different structure. The species belonging here are the following : S. renitformis (Dougl.) Benth., S. major (Hook.) Heller, S. pinnatifida S. Wats., and S. laciniata (Gray) Rydb. Whether S. rotundifolia A. Gray should also be included or should be made the type of a separate genus is a little doubtful. At present I am inclined to regard it as a Synthyris. So also S. schizantha Piper, with lacerate corolla-lobes, which species is still more aberrant.

Besseya gen. nov.

Low perennials with a thick rootstock. Basal leaves petioled ; blades ovate or oblong, crenate; stem-leaves bract-like, alternate: inflorescence a bracted spike: calyx almost regularly 4-cleft to near the base or cleft to the base on the upper side and then 2—3- lobed : corolla 2-lipped, cleft to near the base, or lacking; upper lip, if present, entire, obovate or cuneate-obovate, concave ; lower lip much shorter, often irregularly 2-3-cleft or laciniate : stamens 2, attached at the base of the corolla, or if this is absent on a small disk: capsule flattened, obcordate, 2-valved.

It is with pleasure that I dedicate this genus of western mountain plants to Professor Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, my former teacher and the most prominent botanist of the region where these small plants grow.

The first species cited below is regarded as the type.

a. With corolla: 1. B. alpina (A. Gray); Syuthyris alpina A. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. II 34; 251. 1862. 2. B. Bullii (Eaton) ; Gymnandra Bullii Eat.; Eat. & Wr. N. Am. Bot. 259. 1840; Synthyris Houghtoniana Benth.; DC. Prodr. 10: 454. 1846. 3. B. plantaginea (Benth.); S. plantaginea Benth.; DC. Prodr. 10: 455. 1846. 4. B. reflexa (Eastw.); S. reflexa Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad. III. 1: 124. 1398. 5. B. Ritteriana (Eastw.) ; S. Ritteriana Eastw. l. c. 123. b. Without corolla : 6. B. rubra (Dougl.); Gymnandra rubra Dougl.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 103. 1838; Synthyris rubra Benth.; DC. Prodr. 10: 455. 1846. 7. B. gymnocarpa (A. Nels.); Wulfenia gymnocarpa A. Nelson, Bull. Torrey Club, 25: 282. 1898. 8. B. Wyomingensis (A. Nels.); W. Wyomingensis A. Nelson, l. c.281.,

Madia glomerata Hook. “Mountain Tarweed”

Hooker. Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2(7): 24 (1834).

2. M. glomerata; capitulis (2-4) glomeratis paucifloris in corymbam terminalem dispositis, radiis obsoletis.

Hab. Plains of the Saskatchawan. Drummond. — Aware as I am that Madia viscosa is liable greatly to vary, I still cannot bring myself to consider the present as a state of that species. The inflorescence is a true compound corymb, the branches, which are leafy, bearing at the extremity a cluster of 3-5 few-flowered capitula, much narrower than those of M. viscosa, and apparently quite destitute of ray. This is the first time that any Madia has been found on the east side of the great chain of mountains which separates eastern from western America.

Nuttall. 1841. Descriptions of new species and genera of plants in the natural order of the Compositae :collected in a tour across the continent to the Pacific, a residence in Oregon, and a visit to the Sandwich Islands and upper California, during the years 1834 and 1835. p. 390

* AMIDA.

(A transposition of Madia, in allusion to its affinity to that genus. )

Capitulum heterogamous or homogamous, few-flowered; rays none, or one or two, irregular, very small, ligulate, three-toothed. Discal florets hermaphrodite, cylindric, one to five. Stigma included, small and obtuse. Receptacle naked, very small. Involucrum oblong or ovate, of two to five oblong, or lanceolate sepals, embracing the deciduous fruit. Achenium oblong, compressed, four-sided, naked, and eranulated ; in the radial florets sheathed with the sepals. — Viscidly glandular annuals, with entire leaves, the lower ones opposite ; flowers small, in terminal clusters, bracteolate, bractes and sepals covered with conspicuous, pilose glands. Allied to Madia, and remarkable for its singular depauperation.

Amida * gracilis; hirsute and scabrous, with close-pressed hairs; sepals convex, very glandular.

Hab. Rocky Mountains and prairies of the Oregon. The whole plant fragrant from glandular exudation. About a foot high. The stem simple, sometimes branching towards the summit, slender and rigid. Leaves narrow-linear, rather crowded, hirsute, and scabrous, the hairs close-pressed. Flowers small, yellow, in irregular axillar and terminal clusters; involucrum sometimes with only one or two flowers, at other times with five. Rays often wanting.

Amida * hirsuta; hirsutely pilose with spreading hairs; leaves linear, scabrous, and ciliated on the margin; sepals hirsute and glandular, carinated.

Hab. With the above, from which it is distinguished by its pubescence and larger capituli with broader sepals. The rays are also larger and more regular in their association.

Both Amida hirsuta Nutt. and A. gracilis Nutt. are now treated as synonyms of Madia glomerata Hook.

Bouteloua Lag. “Grama Grass”

See the discussion about Bouteoua in the Golden flora.

Bouteloua simplex Lag.

Lagasca (1805, p. 141) published the name of Bouteloua simplex for our little annual grass. Nee collected in Mexico, Peru and the Philipines. Griffiths states that his collection of B. simplex was made in Peru.

4. BOT, simplex, culmo simplici, erectus-cula, monostachio : spica terminali, oblonga, glaberrima.

4. Bouteloua simplex, simple culm, erect-branched, single-spike : terminal spike, oblong, very glabrous

p. 141

Bromus porteri (J.M. Coult.) Nash “Nodding Brome”

1. B. Kalmii, Gray, var. Porteri. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth: sheaths and leaves minutely scabrous : panicle 6 inches long, compound, branches minutely downy ; spikelets an inch long, canescent with short oppressed silky hairs, 7 to 9-flowered : outer glumes each 3-nerved, obtuse : flowering glume 7-nerved; its awn 1½ lines long. — Colorado, at Twin Lakes (Porter), Buffalo Peaks, and Sierra Madre Range (Coulter).

Charles C. Parry made a collection in 1861 on upper Clear Creek. Thomas C. Porter collected the type of B. porteri at Twin Lakes, Lake County on July 25, 1872 (PH8608, MO2699792). John M. Coulter made an additional collection at Buffalo Peaks, July 23, 1873 (MO248035). This collection has been designated an isosyntype. There are several other collections in the 1872-1885 time frame, but none referencing “Sierra Madre” as a location.

The “Sierra Madre Range” may refer to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Costilla County, Colorado, rather than the current Sierra Madre Range in Routt County, Colorado and Carbon County, Wyoming.

Bromus Porteri (Coulter).

Bromus Kalmii var. Porteri Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Region, 425. 1885.

Culms 1½°-3° tall, erect, simple, pubescent below the nodes. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or sometimes softly pubescent; ligule ½'' long, truncate; leaves 1"-3"' wide, rough, those of the culm 4'-9' long, the basal narrow and about one-half of the length of the culm ; panicle 3'-6' in length, its branches drooping and flexuous, at least when old, the nodes of the axis pubescent; spikelets 5-10-flovvered, 9''-15'' long, on slender flexuous pedicels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrower than the second, both 3-nerved; flowering scales 5"-6" long, obtuse, 5-7 nerved, densely pubescent with long silky hairs; awn 1"-2"' long.

In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, south to western Nebraska, New Mexico and Arizona.

This plant is readily distinguished from B. Kalmii by its 3-nerved second scale and longer flowering scales. In B. Kalmii the second scale is 5-7-nerved and the flowering scale about 4" long.

Melanthiaceae Borkh.

Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar, 1760-1806. Botanical Dictionary : or, an attempt at an explanation of the most important terms and artificial words in botany. Vol. 2, p. 8.

Melanthia Batfch. Die 37te von Batfchens Familien, movon folgenber Character angegeben mirb: Calyx nullus. Corolla hexapetala, patens, petalis coriaceis. Germina tria monoftyla, faepe connata, ftylis diftinctia. Pericarpium triplex, vel triloculare. Folliculis introrfum dehiscentibus. Hierber geboren die Gattungen Veratrum.

(Germ.) Melanthia Batfch. The 37th of Batfchen's families, whose character is given below: (Latin) Calyx none. Corolla six-petaled, open, with leathery petals. Buds three monostyly, often connate, with distinct phyllaries. Pericarp three- or three-locular. Follicles dehiscing inwards. (Germ.) The genera Veratrum were born here.

Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (3 December 1760, Giessen – 30 November 1806, Darmstadt) was a German naturalist and forester. He took part in the production of Teutsche Ornithologie oder Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Teutschlands in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und Beschreibungen by Johann Conrad Susemihl. He received his education in Giessen, and in 1796 started work as an assessor at the forestry office in Darmstadt. In 1800, he attained the title of Kammerrat, followed by a role as counselor at the Oberforsthaus Collegium in 1804. As a botanist, he was the taxonomic author of Alliaceae and Asclepiadaceae as well as the circumscriber of numerous plant genera and species.

Anticlea Kunth

Rydberg. 1903. Some Generic Segregations.

ANTICLEA Kunth.

This genus was established on A. Sibirica and A. glauca with A. Mexicana added as a doubtful species. A. Sibirica, the first one mentioned, must be regarded as the type. It differs somewhat from our American species, especially in the narrow somewhat recurved petals and sepals and the narrow glands, but these differences are rather unimportant and do not warrant any generic separation. The genus is characterized by a membranous coated bulb, linear glabrous leaves, greenish or yellowish-white flowers, withering persistent petals and sepals, which are adnate to the base of the ovary and bear a single obcordate gland ; free stamens and a partly inferior ovary. The species are:

1. A. Sibirica (L.) Kunth, Enum. 4: 191. 1843; Melanthium Sibiricum L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753; Zygadenus Sibiricus Kunth, Enum. 4: 192, as synonym.

2. A. chlorantha (Richards.); Z. chloranthus Richardson, Frankl. Journ. 736. 1821; Z. commutatus Schultes, Syst. 7: 1560. 1830; Z. glaucus Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 7: 56. 1834; Anticlea glauca Kunth, Enum. 4: 192. 1843.

3. A. virescens (H.B.K.); Helonias virescens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 267. 1816; A. Mexicana Kunth, Enum. 4: 193. 1843; Z. Mexicanus Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. 3: 382. 1885.

4. A. elegans (Pursh); Z. elegans Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 241, 1814.

5. A. Coloradensis ; Z. Coloradensis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club, 27: 534. 1900.

6. A. porrifolia (Greene); Z. porrifolius Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 123. 1881.

Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. “Mountain Death Camas”

Pursh. 1814. Vol. 1., p. 241.

2. Z. scapo subnudo, bracteis linearibus, petalis acutis.	elegans.
On the waters of Cokahlaishkit river, near the Rocky-mountains. M. Lewis. ♃. July. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. Flowers white.
Folia radicalia, erecta, longissime-linearia, glabra, lineato-nervosa, plana, scapo breviora. Scapus teres, simplex, uno alterove folio brevi instructus, subbipedalis. Racemus multiflorus, interdum basi ramosus. Bracteae lineares, nervosae, membranaceae, longitudine pedicellorum. Flores albidi, magnitude Menanthis virginici. Petala ovata, acuta, subunguiculata, basi glandulis 2. cinnabarinis notata. Filamenta corolla breviora. Stigmata 3, reflexa.

Per Moulton (1999), collected on the Blackfoot (Cokahlaishkit) River, in the vicinity of Lewis and Clark Pass, Lewis and Clark County, Montana, July 7, 1806.

Rydberg. 1903. Some Generic Segregations.

See entire Rydberg article above.

...

4. A. elegans (Pursh); Z. elegans Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 241, 1814.

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