Edited by Tom Schweich  

Gymnosperms — Conifers and Allies

Cupressaceae A. Gray — Cypress Family

Notes on Juniperus L. “Juniper”

We have five species of Juniperus in Colorado, although our authors do not agree on which ones we have, or the nomenclature to be applied.

We definitely have something in section Juniperus, that is the circumpolar Juniperus communis but whether we apply the circumpolar ssp. alpina (Weber & Wittmann, 2012) or the North American variety depressa (Ackerfield, 2022) is apparently still up for debate.

In section Sabina one clade with smooth leaf margins includes our common Rocky Mountain Juniper, J. scopulorum, and the occasionally found garden escapee, J. virginiana. Another clade with sawtooth margins includes both J. monosperma and J. osteosperma, the former occurring in Platte Canyon in Jefferson County.

Mao, et al. (2010) placed both J. scopulorum and J. virginiana in Clade III of section Sabina, though not immediately adjacent to each other. These are the smooth-leaved American species plus the Eurasian J. sabina and a couple of others. J. monosperma and J. osteosperma are Clade II, though at some distance from each other. This clade is described as the serrate-leaved junipers of North America. Section Sabina probably originated in Asia. The presence of an American var. depressa within J. communis represents a recent diversification event.

Adams & Schwarzbach (2013) suggest that migration of J. sabina and others across the Bering Land Bridge (17.6-5.5.mya) gave rise to the current, cold climate, western hemisphere species such as J. scopulorum, whereas the serrate, semi-arid junipers, such as J. osteosperma migrated from the eastern to the western hemisphere via the North American Land Bridge ca. 47-30.3 mya.

Juniperus communis var. depressa “Common Juniper”

Pursh (1814, vol. II, p. 646) described our common juniper from plants he had seen in New York and Maine.

710. JUNIPERUS. Gen. pl. 1552.
communis	1. J. foliis ternis patentibus mucronatis bacca longioribus Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 853.
erecta.	α. J. ramis erectis.
depressa.	β J. ramis depressis.
	α. About rocks, near the falls of rivers, in Canada and the western part of New York. β. in New York, and particularly in the province of Maine, in rocky or gravelly situations. ♄ May. v. v. The Common Juniper may probably have been originally brought from Europe ; but the variety β., or probably a distinct species, seems to be really an original native ; it does not grow above a foot or two high, and one single root will cover sometimes a space of from fifteen to twenty feet in diameter.

Juniperus scopulorum “Rocky Mountain Juniper”

The Rocky Mountain Juniper — Juniperus scopulorum Sargent — is found in all the hilly areas around Golden s.l. It was originally treated as J. virginiana L. or the Red Cedar. C. S. Sargent (1897) recognized J. scopulorum as a separate species. The Rocky Mountain Juniper is found as far east of South Dakota and Nebraska, where it is known to hybridize with its eastern relative J. virginiana in zones of contact in the Missouri River basin. To the west, J. scopulorum is known to occur in Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona, though not California. Hybrids of J. scopulorum and J. osteosperma are known from from Walnut Canyon [Arizona?] north into Utah and east to Mesa Verde.

“No. 58 found 2nd October 1804. A species of Cedar on the found on the Blufs, the trees of which are large some of them 6 feet in the girth” &mdash: [Lewis]”

Pursh (1814, p. 647)

“collected above the mouth of the Cheyenne River, Dewey or Sully County, South Dakota, October 2, 1804” — Moulton(?)

Annotated, “=J. excelsa Pall. not J. occidentalis Hook. No. Probably eccentric or impure material of J. Scopulorum Sgt. differing from typical Scopulorum By much overlap of lvs. and variable relative length of glands. Fruit very immature. P. J. Van Melle Dec. 14, '50. ”

4. J. foliis oppositis obtusiusculis, medio glandulosis, quadrifariam imbricatis, tenellis acutis ternis patulis, caule arboreo. Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 852.	excelsa.	4. Juniper with opposite, obtuse leaves, glandular in the middle, overlapping in four directions, with thin, acute, three-lobed leaves, with a tree-like stem.	excelsa.
J. Sabina varietas. Pall. ross. 2. p. 15.		J. Sabina varietas. Pall. ross. 2. p. 15.
On the banks of the waters of the Rocky-mountains. M. Lewis. ♄. May. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. A lofty elegant tree. Specimens of Pallas in the Herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq. seem to be the same with those collected by Mr. Lewis.		On the banks of the waters of the Rocky-mountains. M. Lewis. ♄. May. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. A lofty elegant tree. Specimens of Pallas in the Herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq. seem to be the same with those collected by Mr. Lewis.

Possibly the earliest record of J. scopulorum in Colorado is a collection by James W. Abert on 2 August 1846. swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2802882

Travelling from Bent's Fort, Abert was in Raton and the Raton Mountains on the 6th and 7th of August.

Wheeler (1881) describes Abert's itinerary,

Starting from a trading post on the Arkansas, known as Bent's Fort, this officer [Lt. Abert] followed the Santa Fe road southward across Raton Pass and camped on the waters of Willow Creek, one of the principal forks of the Canadian.

4. J. Virginiana, L. The largest of our Junipers, sometimes becoming a tree 60 to 90 feet high, commonly of pyramidal form, sometimes with rounded spreading top, with shreddy bark and red and aromatic heartwood : branchlets slender, 4-angled, with obtuse or acutish leaves having entire margins : berries on straight peduncles, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, with 1 or 2 angled mostly grooved seeds. Our widest spread species, with almost a continental distribution, the region from Arizona to Utah, California, and Oregon alone being excepted.

The first collection in Golden was by Tracy & Earle on 22 September 1887.

Original Text
Juniperus Virginiana has usually been considered to cross the continent to the shores of Puget Sound and Vancouver Island, and to be pretty widely distributed through the interior Rocky Mountain region from the northern border of the United States to northern New Mexico and Arizona.
After having seen, however, a good deal of this western tree during the past two seasons, I am inclined to believe that the so-called western Red Cedar as in grows in Wyoming, Montana and Colorado, at least, and perhaps everywhere, will have to be considered another species, and should this supposition prove correct on further investigation, I should propose the name of Juniperus scopulorum for it.
The habit of the Rocky Mountain tree, as may be seen in our illustration near the Mammoth Hot Springs in the Ywllowstone National Park, where this Juniper is very common, and the only arborescent, and where it grows on gravelly slopes at elevations of six or seven thousand feet with Pinus flexilis.
It has the slender branchlets and opposite leaves in pairs of the eastern tree, but the fruit is larger, and does not ripen until the second year, while that of our Red Cedar ripens during its first autumn.
The branches are stouter and covered with more scaly bark, and the bark of the trunk, which is often forked near the ground is unlike that of the eastern tree, which separates into thin narrow scales fringed on the margins, but, like that of some other western Junipers, divides into irregular, narrow, connected flat ridges, which break up on the surface more or less freely into persistent shreddy scales.
The wood has the same fragance as that of the eastern tree, although it is rather less powerful, and the color is a duller red.
The habit and the character of the bark may be due, perhaps, to differences of soil and climate, which might also affect the color of the wood, and the only really tangible character by which the western tree can be separated from the eastern is the biennial fruit.
The fact, moreover, is significant that unless the eastern and western trees come together in north-western Nebraska, the meeting place of the eastern and western floras, they are separated by a continuous belt of country through the middle of the continent several hundred miles wide; and moreover, with the exception of Juniperus communis, which encircles the northern hemisphere, and the White Spruce, which crosses this continent far northward and reaches the Pacific coast within the Arctic Circle, no coniferous tree grows in both eastern and western North America.
But before the question of the distribution of the Red Cedar can be satisfactorily determined more observations should be made on the time of ripening of the fruit, expecially in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, in the valley of the Columbia River and on Vancouver Island, for it is, of course, possible, although hardly probable, that the proposed Juniperus scopulorum may be confined to the northern Rocky Mountains and that Juniperus Virginiana really reaches the southern part of that range and even the Pacific coast.

According to Sargent (1897) the only character to distiguish J. scopulorum from J. virginiana is the biennial development of the fruit. FNANM, key by Robert P. Adams, distinguish the two by the extent of which the scalelike leaves overlap, by not more than 1/5 for J. scopulorum, and by the shapes of exfoliating bark, in addition to development of the fruit. J. scopulorum is distinguished from J. osteosperma by the leaf margin entire for the former, whereas leaf margin denticulate for the latter. Ackerfield's (2015) Flora of Colorado follows the same scheme, but does not accept J. virginiana occurring in Colorado, though the author has found it as a garden escapee.

Sargent (1897) Fig. 54, Juniperus scopulorum.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) treat our tree as Sabina scopulorum (Sargent) Rydberg.

Notes on Juniperus virginiana L. “Eastern Redcedar”

Pinnaceae Spreng. ex F. Rudolphi — Pine Family

Picea A. Dietr. “Spruce”

Engelmann, George. 1879. The American Spruces. The Gardeners Chronicle n.s., v. 11. March 15, 1879. p. 334

THE AMERICAN SPRUCES.

[The following arrangement is from the pen of Dr. Engelmann, and has been kindly contributed by Sir Joseph Hooker. In British gardens the plants in question are usually ranged under Abies.]

Picea, Link, not Don.

A. Leaves more or less square ; stomata on all sides.

A. North-eastern and Northern species.

1. Picea alba, with slenderer leaves on the glabrous branchlets ; cylinder cones with smooth-edged flexible scales, deciduous after maturity.

2. Picea nigra, with stouter leaves on the pubescent branchlets ; ovate cones with rigid denticulate scales, more or less persistent.

Var. rubra, with larger, darker leaves ; larger bright red brown cones, more readily deciduous after maturity,

B. Rocky Mountain species.

3. Picea Engelmanni (Pinus commutata, Parlat.) with stouter leaves on the pubescent branchlets ; sub-cylindric cones with flexible, erose or emarginate scales : deciduous.

4. Picea pungens (Abies Menziesii of the Rocky Mountain flora), with glabrous branchlets ; very rigid, strongly pointed and pungent leaves, in young trees compressed, in old ones often flattened ; large cylindrical cones, with very pale, elongated, emarginate, very flexible, squarrose scales ; seeds larger, with a broad obovate wing, and 5 — 8 cotyledons.*

B. Leaves flattened ; stomata only on the upper side.

Pacific Coast species.

5. Picea sitchensis (Abies Menziesii of the Pacific coasts). — Leaves thin, blunt or short-pointed ; cones much shorter than in last ; scales similar ; seeds small, with a very narrow wing, and only four cotyledons. Seems to include several East Asiatic nominal species. †

* A very blue form of this has lately been cultivated in English nurseries under the name of Aboes Parryana.

† Abies sitchenis is the oldest specific name, and must be substituted for a more generally adopted Menziesii. A. jezoensis (in part), A. microsperma, and perhaps others, seem to belong here ; and the lately discovered Servian A. Omorika apparently stands very near it.

Picea pungens Engelm. “Colorado Blue Spruce”

Pinus L. in the Golden Flora

Gernandt, et al. (2005) used chloroplast DNA sequences from matK and rbcL to infer the phylogeny for 101 of the approximate- ly 111 species of Pinus (Pinaceae).

Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. “Lodgepole Pine”

Pinus edulis Engelm. “Pinyon Pine”

Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson. “Ponderosa Pine”

Lawson & Lawson (1836) described the ponderosa pine from plants they were growing in pots at their Agricultural Museum near Edinburgh, Scotland. Material to grow the plants (seeds?) was obtained through David Douglas from his second and most successful trip to the American Pacific Northwest.

Original Text
XXV. PINUS PONDEROSA — Heavy Wooded Pine.
From not possessing the advantage of deriving information from any previous description of this species, and having only young trees in the Museum to refer to, an oppostunity has not been afforded of giving any details regarding its flowers, cones, &c. It is hoped, however, the following will be sufficient to enable those less acquainted with the general appearance of this seemingly valuable and highly interesting tree to distinguish it from others of the three-leaved pines. In its habit of growth P/. ponderosa seems to surpass all others of the genus for strength and luxuriance, the branches are few, regularly verticillated, horisontal, and seem incluned to assume a pendulous or drooping habit as the three becomes older ; central or top-shoot often more than an inch in diameter, and or proportional length ; buds large and free from resin ; leaves thickly set, nine inches to a foot or fourteen inches in length, thick rigid, and nearly straight, rounded on the exterior, and having a longitudinal prominent rib, together with minute channels on the interior side ; smooth, with very indistinctly serrated margins ; sheaths short, of a dull blackish colour, and lacerated or torn at their extremities ; timber said to be so ponderous as almost to sink in water. Introduced by Mr Douglas from the west coast of North American in 1828.
Such of the above remarks as cannot be supposed to apply to small plants in pots, are derived from a specimen, perhaps the finest in Scotland, growing in the Caledonian Horticultural Society's Gardens, Inverleith Row. Judging from its rapid growth and hardiness, this seems to be one of the most valuable species which has yet been introduced, particularly should the wood, when grown in this country, be found to possess the valuable qualities which have been ascribed to it.

Our Rocky Mountain variety scopulorum was proposed by George Engelmann, writing in his section about Tribe III, the Abietineae in Volume II, Watson's completion of the Botany report of the California Geological Survey. Engelmann included variety scopulorum that is not known from California and other comments about conifers in the western United States in what was perhaps intended to provide regional treatment to the family.

Original Text	Comments
Order CIII. CONIFERAE
…
Tribe III. ABIETINEAE (By Dr. George Engelmann.)	Engelmann's tribe Abietineae contained Abies, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Picea, and Pinus, and thus contains taxa in our current family Pinaceae.
…
11. PINUS, Tourn. ; Link. Pine.
…
8. P. ponderosa, Dougl. One of the largest pines known (200 to 300 feet high and 12 to 15 feet in diameter), with very think red=brown bark, deeply furrowed and split in large plates : leaves on stout branchlets in the axils of strongly fringed somewhat presistent bracts, 5 to 9 or even 11 inches long ; the thin sheaths at first 9 or 10 (later 3) lines long : male flowers cylindric, flexuous, 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, crowded into a short head ; involucre of 10 or 12 bracts ; anthers with a large semicircular scarcely dentate crest : cones oval, 3 or 4 (rarely 5) inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches thick, of a rich brown color, sessile or subsessile, spreading or slightly recurved, often 3 to 5 together ; umbo high, with a stout straight or incurved prickle : seeds dark brown, 4 lines long ; wing 10 to 12 lines long, widest above the middle : cotyledons 6 to 9. — Loud. Arbor. iv. 2243 ; Newberry, 1. c. 36, t. 4 ; Parlat. 1. c. 395 ; Engelm. Wheeler's Rep. vi. 261. P. Benthamiana, Hartw. Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189. P. Beardsleyi and Craigana, Murr. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. i. 286.
Var. Jeffreyi. A tree 100 to 200 feet high, with a more rounded top, more finely cleft and darker bark, and paler leaves 4 to 9 inches long : male flowers 1 1/4 inches long : cones larger, 5 to 12 inches long, lighter brown, on short peduncles, fewer in a cluster, with thinner apophyses, and slender prickles hooked backward : seeds 4 to 7 lines long ; wings 12 or 13 lines long : cotyledons 7 to 11. — P. Jeffreyi, Murr. l. c. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Parlat. l. c. 393.	I have included the Jeffrey pine here because that is the dominant pine on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, for example, at Sagehen Meadow.
Var. scopulorum. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often in pairs : male flowers an inch long : cones smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles : seeds 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 lines long, the wings 9 to 12 lines : cotyledons 6 to 9. — P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountain floras.
The widest spread western pine ; the original form in California and Oregon, at low and high altitudes and even in the plains, often associated with P. Lambertiana and Abies concolor ; the var. Jeffreyi usually on mountains above 5,000 feet altitude, especially on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, where it is apt to grow in the most arid localities, ranging into Oregon. The third form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains. A magnificent tree, known throughout the west as the “Yellow Pine,” and vying with the Sugar Pine and Sequoias, with very thick bark (in large trees 3 or 4 inches thick) and unusually thick sap-wood, which shows 100 to 200 annual rings before it becomes heart-wood. The latter is yellow, heavy and very resinous. The var. Jeffreyi has often been considered distinct, but connecting forms are not rare ; one of these is P. deflexa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 209, t. 56. The rows of stomata are often, but by no means always, more distant in var. Jeffreyi than in the typical form. The leaves persist about three years and are therefore always found brush-like at the end of the branchlets, except in young shoots. The parenchymatous ducts (2 or 3 or more) of all the forms are generally very small, and are always surrounded with some (often many) strengthening cells, which are also found within the sheath. P. Jeffreyi is one of several species (P. Balfouriana, P. Murrayana, Abies Pattoniana, etc.) which were collected by Mr. Jeffrey, and described by Prof. Balfour anonymously (with figures by Greville) in what is sometimes cited as the " Report of the Oregon Committee." The authority for the specific names is given variously by different authors; fortunately most of them may be referred to other species.	Engelmann's comments on var. scopulorum have been underlined.

Pinus scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemmon

Our Rocky Mountain variety scopulorum of P. ponderosa was proposed by George Engelmann, writing in his section about Tribe III, the Abietineae in Volume II, Watson's completion of the Botany report of the California Geological Survey.

Original Text	Comments
Order CIII. CONIFERAE
…
Tribe III. ABIETINEAE (By Dr. George Engelmann.)	Engelmann's tribe Abietineae contained Abies, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Picea, and Pinus, and thus contains taxa in our current family Pinaceae.
…
11. PINUS, Tourn. ; Link. Pine.
…
Var. scopulorum. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often in pairs : male flowers an inch long : cones smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles : seeds 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 lines long, the wings 9 to 12 lines : cotyledons 6 to 9. — P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountain floras.
…
The third form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains. A magnificent tree, known throughout the west as the “Yellow Pine,” and vying with the Sugar Pine and Sequoias, with very thick bark (in large trees 3 or 4 inches thick) and unusually thick sap-wood, which shows 100 to 200 annual rings before it becomes heart-wood. The latter is yellow, heavy and very resinous.	These comments by Engelmann refer to his var. scopulorum.

J. G. Lemmon Three West-American Conifers Garden and Forest; a Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry 10:183 (1897)

Pinus scopulorum, nom nov.* — Rocky Mountain Yellow Pine. Small trees, rarely exceeding a hundred feet in height and four in diameter, spire-shaped in outline, the grayish bark thinner and harder, the sapwood thicker and the cones smaller, and with firmer, darker scales than in the typical P. ponderosa. Foliage thinner, more inclined to be tufted at the ends of the branchlets, leaves usually in threes, but often in twos.

Sparsely distributed on the high slopes and plateaus of the Rocky Mountains, from British Columbia southward through Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado to northern New Mexico, and eastward to the Black Hills of North Dakota and Nebraska.

The “polymorphous” Pinus ponderosa, with headquarters in the Sierra Nevada of California, and extending along on the western ranges northward through Oregon to Washington, and southward through Arizona to Sonora, probably contains several more forms marked enough to rank as species — notably the “Brown-bark Pine” (my variety nigricans) — forming almost exclusively a large forest on the great Colorado plateau of central Arizona and New Mexico.

*Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, Engelmann in Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal., ii., 126 (1880). Sargent in Xth U.S. Cens, Forest Trees of N. A., ix , 193. Lemmon in 2d Bienn. Rep. Cal. State Bd. Forestry ; 1st and 2d eds., Hand-Book West- American Cone-Bearers, 7 (1892); also in 3d (Pocket) ed. of same, 34. Coville in Con. to U.S. Nat. Herb., iv., 22.

We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of Pinus subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae. Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes. From the unenriched portion of the short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences. We used 600 nuclear genes and the plastome sequences to create phylogenies and species trees that we compared to evaluate cytonuclear concordance and reticulation. We found that Pinus jeffreyi belongs with Pinus subsect. Sabinianae based on morphological synapomorphies as well as strong molecular phylogenetic support. Pinus ponderosa sensu lato is paraphyletic, and we suggest treatment as three species: P. ponderosa sensu stricto (with P. ponderosa var. ponderosa, P. ponderosa var. benthamiana, and P. ponderosa var. washoensis), P. scopulorum, and P. brachyptera. The persistence of lineages with the footprints of ancient nuclear introgression (labeled bpw in clade N4) and chloroplast capture (labeled bpw in clade P1) should caution species identification in Pinus subsection Ponderosae based on limited molecular data. The hybrid frequency was low based on cytonuclear discordance, and the persistence of an ancient P1 plastid clade is a better explanation than hybridization between P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi for unexpected plastid associations in the western Sierra Nevada, USA. We identified a new potential zone of ancient admixture between P. ponderosa and P. scopulorum in Idaho, USA. Some populations of P. arizonica, P. brachyptera, P. engelmannii, and P. scopulorum in the USA are more closely related to taxa with distributions limited to Mexico than they are to each other. To integrate phylogeny and taxonomy, future work should sample widely in Mexico and the USA, score morphological characters (including seedling characters from the known seed parent), on the same individual as used for molecular data, and use methods that are based on individuals rather than population frequencies.

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco. “Douglas Fir”

The first publication of “Douglas fir” was as the “Nootka fir” from a specimen that Lambert saw in Banks' herbarium.

Banks was a member of the landed gentry who who inherited extensive family estates. Banks was educated at Eton College and at Oxford University where he developed a keen interest in natural history. He made his name as a naturalist on voyages first to Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada in 1766 and subsequently on Captain Cook’s Endeavour voyage to New Zealand and Australia during 1768-1771. He was a friend and advisor to King George III and pivotal in the early development of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lambert is best known for his work A description of the genus Pinus, issued in several parts 1803–1824, a sumptuously illustrated folio volume detailing all of the conifers then known. A second folio edition was produced between 1828 and 1837, and a third, smaller (octavo) edition in 1832. Individual books even of the same edition are often very different from one another, which causes problems when the illustrations have been used as types to fix the application of names.

Lambert was also the host of Frederick Pursh while the latter worked on his Flora of North America.

Original Text	Comments
TAB. 33.
27. PINUS TAXIFOLIA
NOOTKA FIR
Pinus taxifolia, foliis solitariis planis integerrimis, strobilis oblongis, antheris inflato-didymis. Habitat ad Americae borealis oras occidentales.	Pinus taxifolia, leaves in a single plane, entire, cone oblong, anthers inflated in two lobes. Lives on the western coast of North America.
DESCRIPTIO
Habitus P. canadensis, at folia angustiosa et paululum longiora, integerrima. Amenta mascula ovata, subsessilia, multiflora ; antheris inflato-didymis, cristâ reflexâ, minimâ.	P. canadensis is a synonym of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière
The figure was taken from a specimen in the Banksian herbarium, brought home by Mr. Menzies, by whom it was discovered on the North-west coast of America, and who has favoured me with the following particulars respecting this species. In general habit this tree resembles P. canadensis, and attains considerable height and size. The leaves are also very like those of the species just mentioned, but narrower, and their edges are entire, whereas the others are visibly serrated. The inflorescentia is much larger than in P. canadensis and there are more antherae. As for the Cones, I can give no account of them, those which were brought by Mr. Menzies having been unfortunately mislaid. That gentleman however, informs me that they differ in their form from the cones of P. canadensis, and that they are longer.
Explanation of the figure is omitted.

Lambert's (1803) illustration of Abies taxifolia to become Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Mirbel, M. 1825 Essai sur la Distribution Geographique des Coniferes. [Essay on the Geographical Distribution of Conifers.] Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. [Memoirs of the Natural History Museum.] Vol. 13, pp. 28-76 p. 62

Ici se termine l’histoire géographique des Conifères du grand plateau, qui s'étend depuis la baie d'Hudson jusqu'aux Rocheuses. Cette chaine de montagnes sépare le climat septentrional et le central du climat occidental, et fait le partage des eaux qui, d’un côté, se rendent dans l'Océan Polaire, les lacs intérieurs et le Mississipi, et de l’autre dans le grand Océan Pacifique.

Here ends the geographical history of the Conifers of the Great Plateau, which extends from Hudson Bay to the Rockies. This mountain range separates the northern and central climates from the western climate, and divides the waters that, on one side, flow into the Polar Ocean, the inland lakes and the Mississippi, and on the other, into the great Pacific Ocean.

Les bords du Tachoutché-Tessé, lequel coule à l’ouest des Rocheuses, sont garnis des mêmes arbres que les bords de l’Oungigah. Cette riche végétation se porte dans la Nouvelle-Hanovre jusqu'aux plages de l'Océan Pacifique, par 52° 20' de latitude, vis-à-vis l'ile Nootka, où le naturaliste Menziez, compagnon de Vancouver, découvrit un Abies, que Lambert a nommé taxifolia, et que j’appellerai Menziezii pour le distinguer de l’Abies taxifolia du Jardin du Roi, qui a pour lui l’antériorité.

The banks of the Tachoutché-Tessé (Fraser River), which flows west of the Rockies, are covered with the same trees as the banks of the Oungigah. This rich vegetation extends from New Hanover to the beaches of the Pacific Ocean, at latitude 52° 20', opposite Nootka Island, where the naturalist Menziez, a companion of Vancouver, discovered an Abies, which Lambert named taxifolia, and which I will call Menziezii to distinguish it from the Abies taxifolia of the Jardin du Roi, which has precedence.

Carriere (1867) proposed Pseudotsuga for trees intermediate between Abies and Tsuga.

II. Pseudotsuga (1)	II. Pseudotsuga (1)
Peucoides, Spach, Hist. Veg. Phan. XI. 423. Endl. Syn. conif. 87.	Peucoides, Spach, Hist. Veg. Phan. XI. 423. Endl. Syn. conif. 87.
Branches verticillées ou éparses. Écorce des jeunes bourgeons glabre. Feuilles planes, coriaces, raides, d’un vert gai, distiques ouéparses, acuminées-aiguës. Cônespendants, à écailles très-lâchement appliquées, persistantes. Graines ailées, subtrigones, comprimées. Cotylédons ordinairement 6, longuement effilés, étroitement trigones, acuminés et pointus. Bractées longuement saillantes.	Branches whorled or scattered. Bark of young buds glabrous. Leaves flat, leathery, stiff, bright green, distichous or scattered, acuminate-acute. Cones pendulous, with very loosely applied scales, persistent. Seeds winged, subtrigonous, compressed. Cotyledons usually 6, long-tapered, narrowly trigonous, acuminate and pointed. Bracts long-projecting.
	Carriere goes on to describe Pseudotsuga Douglasii which we now treat as Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii.
Maturation annuelle.	Annual maturation.
(1) L'ensemble des caractères du Tsuga Douglasii, Carr., sa végétation, son facies, et jusqu’à un certain point son tempérament, pourrait-on dire, doivent le faire séparer des Tsuga, avec lesquels, dans ma première édition, je l’avais placé. En effet tous ces derniers ont des caractères généraux, un facies surtout, tellement semblables qu'il suffit d’en avoir vu un pour les distinguer tous. Le T. Douglasii, au contraire, ne pouvant y entrer, et ne pouvant non plus, par tous ses autres caractères, faire partie d’aucune des sections établies, j’en ai fait un genre intermédiaire, le Pseudotsuga, en raison de l’affinité qu’il a avec les Tsuga d’une part, avec les Abies de l’autre.	The set of characteristics of Tsuga Douglasii, Carr., its vegetation, its facies, and to a certain extent its temperament, one might say, should separate it from the Tsuga, with which, in my first edition, I placed it. Indeed, all the latter have general characteristics, a facies above all, so similar that it is enough to have seen one to distinguish them all. T. Douglasii, on the other hand, cannot be included, and nor can it, by all its other characteristics, be part of any of the established sections, I have made it an intermediate genus, Pseudotsuga, because of the affinity it has with the Tsuga on the one hand, and with the Abies on the other.

Carriere, Elie-Abel. 1867 Traité général des conifères; ou, Description de toutes les espèces et variétés de ce genre aujourd'hui connues, avec leur synonymie, l'indication des procédés de culture et de multiplication qu'il convient de leur appliquer [General treatise on conifers; or, Description of all the species and varieties of this genus known today, with their synonymy, an indication of the cultivation and multiplication methods which should be applied to them] p. 256

The epithet “glauca” was first proposed by Mayr (1890).

Original Text	Translation and Comments.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. glauca, Colorado Douglasia ist ausgezeichnet durch eine auffallende, hellweissliche Farbung der Nadeln; doch zeigen nur die einjahrigen Nadel, diese schone Bereiftheit; an den zwei- und mehrjahrigen Trieben verschwindet wiederum die weissliche Farbe, weshalb eigentlich nur jungen Exemplaren besondere Schonheit verliehen ist; auch andere solche glauca- Varietaten und -Arten, wie Pinus pungens, zeigen dieses Verhalten.	Colorado Douglasia is characterized by a striking, bright white color of the needles; but only the one-year-old needles show this beautiful frostiness; the whitish color disappears on the biennial and perennial shoots, which is why only young specimens are particularly beautiful; other such glauca varieties and species, such as Pinus pungens, also show this behavior.
Die glauca - Douglasia ist in Colorado, New-Mexico und Arizona (Santa Rita) heimisch. Auch der Zapfen zeigt einige Verschiedenheiten ; er is namlich kleiner und armer an Schuppen als die westliche Form (Tafel VI); die kleinfruchtige Douglasia van Montana bildet hierin die Verbindung zwischen der glauca und der typischen Douglasia. In trockenem un im Winter kalterem Klima erwachsen hat sich diese Varittat im Osten der Union als frosthart, das heisst wohl in den allermeisten Fallen als trockenhart, wenn man so sagen kann, erwiesen. Sie is in ihrer Heimat wie uberall, wo sie kultivert wird (auch im deutschen Walde) langsanwuchsig (verglichen mit der typischen Form), eine unangenehme Eigenschaft, die ihre sonstigen Vorzuge wieder aufhebt; auch als Nutzholz soll sie weit hinter der Kustenform zuruckstehen.	The glauca - Douglasia is native to Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona (Santa Rita). The cone also shows some differences; it is namely smaller and poorer in scales than the western form (Plate VI); the small-fruited Douglasia from Montana forms the link between the glauca and the typical Douglasia. Grown up in dry climates and colder climates in winter, this variety has proven to be frost-hardy in the east of the Union, that is to say, in most cases, dry-hardy, if you can say that. In her homeland, as everywhere where she is cultivated (also in the German forest), she is long-growing (compared to the typical shape), an unpleasant quality that cancels out her other advantages; Even as timber, it should lag far behind the coastal shape.

Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britton ex Sudw., in U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897); et in U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897) Bull. No. 17, 24 (1898), in adnot.; Rehder apud Sprague & M. L. Green in Kew Bull. 1938, 80.

I have been unable to find a copy of Division of Forestry, No. 14 in any online form.

Joao do Amaral Franco (1921-2009) was a professor of botany at the Instituto Superior de Agronomia from 1950 until his retirement in 1991. At the beginning of the 1950s, he started his duties as a teacher, maintaining constant research on conifers, which resulted in the publication of several notes and the proposal of several taxonomic arrangements in that group. Over time his research interests broadened, establishing contact with European researchers, with emphasis on those based at the Royal Botanical Garden in Kew and at the Natural History Museum in London, institutions where he worked.

Original Text	Translation and Comments
CEDRUS LIBANENSIS ET PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII	Cedrus libanensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii
a	by
JOÃO DO AMARAL FRANCO ( Olisiponis Instituti Superioris Agronoraiae Assistente )	João do Amaral Franco (Higher Institute of Agronomy at the Technical University of Lisbon)
Recebido em 14 de Janeiro de 1950.	Received 14 January 1950.
Discussion of Cedrus libanensis Mirb. omitted.
Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, nov. comb.	Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, nov. comb.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 1, 1: 51, t. 33 (1803) ; non Salisb. (1796). Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot. VI : 523 (1804) ; non Du TOUR (1803). Abies Menziesii Mirb. in Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) XIII: 63, 70 (1825) «Menziezii». Abies Douglasii Hort, ex Loud., Hort. Brit. ed. 1: 388 (1830) ; nom. nud. Pinus Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don in Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 3, II: 1 p., 1 t. (1832). Abies mucronata Raf., Atl. Journ. I: 120 (Autumnus 1832). Abies Douglasii (Lamb.) Lindl, in Penny Cycl. 1: 32 (1833). Picea Douglasii (Lindl.) Link in Linnaea XV : 524 ( 1841) «Douglassi ». Tsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 1: 192 (1855). Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 2 : 256 (1867). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt., in N. Y. Acad. Sei. Trans. VIII : 74 (1889) comb, illegit. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ap. Holz., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Botany, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 3: 266 (1895). Pseudotsuga taxifolia ( Poir. ) Britt. ex Sudw., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Forestry Bull. 14: 46 (1897). Abietia Douglasii (Lindl.) Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2: 476 (1900). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. ap. Sprague et Green in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1938 (2) : 80 (23-III-1938) comb, superfl.	Pinus taxifolia Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 1, 1: 51, t. 33 (1803) ; non Salisb. (1796). Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot. VI : 523 (1804) ; non Du TOUR (1803). Abies Menziesii Mirb. in Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) XIII: 63, 70 (1825) «Menziezii». Abies Douglasii Hort, ex Loud., Hort. Brit. ed. 1: 388 (1830) ; nom. nud. Pinus Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don in Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 3, II: 1 p., 1 t. (1832). Abies mucronata Raf., Atl. Journ. I: 120 (Autumnus 1832). Abies Douglasii (Lamb.) Lindl, in Penny Cycl. 1: 32 (1833). Picea Douglasii (Lindl.) Link in Linnaea XV : 524 ( 1841) «Douglassi ». Tsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 1: 192 (1855). Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 2 : 256 (1867). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt., in N. Y. Acad. Sei. Trans. VIII : 74 (1889) comb, illegit. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ap. Holz., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Botany, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 3: 266 (1895). Pseudotsuga taxifolia ( Poir. ) Britt. ex Sudw., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Forestry Bull. 14: 46 (1897). Abietia Douglasii (Lindl.) Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2: 476 (1900). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. ap. Sprague et Green in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1938 (2) : 80 (23-III-1938) comb, superfl.

In hodiernum haec species novissime Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudw. vocabitur.	At present, this species will be called Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. from South Wales.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb. (1803) hujus speciei primum nomen est sed ante art. 61 Nomenclaturae Botanicae Regularum (1935) legitimum non est ob vetustiorem homonymum Pinum taxifoliam Salisb. (1796) Abietis balsameae (L.) Mill, synonymum. Ob earn causam Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. (1889) legitima combinatio non est.	Pinus taxifolia Lamb. (1803) is the first name of this species but before art. 61 of the Nomenclature of Botanical Rules (1935) it is not legitimate because of the older homonym Pinus taxifolia Salisb. (1796) Abietis balsameae (L.) Mill, synonym. For this reason Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. (1889) the combination is not legitimate.
POIRET (1804) Abietem taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir. hanc speciem nominavit. Ut combinatio nova Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. nomen legitimum non est sed ut nomen novum Abies taxifolia Poir. ante art. 69 licet. SPRAGUE et GREEN (1938) nominem Abietem taxifoliam Poir. in Indice Kewense non perscriptum a cl. REHDER ex occasione inventum dicent. Notandum est quod HENRY in ELWES et HENRY, Trees Great Brit. & Irel. IV : 814 (1909) ut Pseudotsugae Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr. synonymum nominem « Abies taxifolia Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. vi. 523 (1804)» refert. SPRAGUE et GREEN ad REHDER novam combinationem imputaverunt et sie hanc speciem nominaverunt : « Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. » Autem LITTLE in Amer. Journ. Bot. XXXI (9): 594 (1944) demonstravit hanc combinationem novam non esse quoniam SUDWORTH (1897) ad BRITTON jam imputavit.	POIRET (1804) Abietem taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir. named this species. As a new combination Abies taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir. not a legitimate name but as a new name Abies taxifoliam Poir. before art. 69 licet. SPRAGUE and GREEN (1938) named Abietem taxifoliam Poir. in the Kewen Index not listed by cl. REHDER ex occasione inventum dicent. It should be noted that HENRY in ELWES et HENRY, Trees Great Brit. & Irel. IV : 814 (1909) as Pseudotsugae Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr. synonymum nomen « Abies taxifolia Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. vi. 523 (1804)» refers. SPRAGUE and GREEN attributed a new combination to REHDER and they named this species : « Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. » However LITTLE in Amer. Journ. Bot. XXXI (9): 594 (1944) demonstrated that this combination was not new since SUDWORTH (1897) had already attributed it to BRITTON.

Novissime duo nova nomina in Indice Kewense non perscripta reperimus quae hujus speciei nomenclaturam omnino mutant.	Recently, we discovered two new names not listed in the Kewen Index which completely change the nomenclature of this species.
Re ipsa Du TOUR in Nouv. DiCt. Hist. Nat. XX (1803) in articulo «SAPIN» generem Abietem recognoscet et ut prima species (op. cit. 114) describet:	In fact, Du TOUR in Nouv. DiCt. Hist. Nat. XX (1803) in the article «SAPIN» recognizes the genus Abiet and describes it as the first species (op. cit. 114):
«SAPIN COMMUN, SAPIN ARGENTÉ, SAPIN BLANC, SAPIN A FEUILLES D'IF, Pinus picea Linn.; Abies alba Mill.; Abies taxifolia Mus., très-grand arbre don’t la tige est droite et nue jusqu'à son sommet, et don’t les branches sont parallèles à l'horizon; sa tête forme une pyramide. Son bois, tendre et résineux, est revêtu d'une écorce blanchâtre, sèche et friable. Ses feuilles sont étroites, assez longues, échancrées à leur extrémité et blanchâtres en dessous ; ses fleurs mâles disposées en grappes axillaires, et ses cônes rougeâtres,… Ce bel arbre habite les hautes montagnes et les pays élevés où il forme de vastes forêts ; il est très-commun en Suisse, en Allemagne, dans les environs de Strasbourg…»	“COMMON FIR, SILVER FIR, WHITE FIR, YF-LEAF FIR, Pinus picea Linn .; Abies alba Mill .; Abies taxifolia Mus., A very tall tree with the stem straight and bare to the top, and the branches parallel to the horizon; his head forms a pyramid. Its wood, soft and resinous, is covered with a whitish bark, dry and crumbly. Its leaves are narrow, fairly long, indented at their end and whitish below; its male flowers arranged in axillary clusters, and its reddish cones,… This beautiful tree inhabits high mountains and high countries where it forms vast forests; it is very common in Switzerland, in Germany, in the surroundings of Strasbourg… ”
In exemplo supra nomen Abies taxifolia vestustior quam Abies taxifolia Poir. et alia specie assignatum liquet.	In the example above, the name Abies taxifolia is more formal than Abies taxifolia Poir. and is clearly assigned to another species. Eudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. from Southw. will be called.
In Du TOUR articulo Mus. verisimiliter Musaei abbreviatio est, in hoc casu Lutetiae Musaei Historiae Naturalis.	In Du TOUR's article, Mus. is probably an abbreviation for Musae, in this case the Natural History Museum of Paris.
Adversum synonymiam etiam nunc cognitam expectanda erat, casu non legitimae fuissent combinationes supra Pinum taxifoliam Lamb, vel Abietem taxifoliam Poir. fundatae, inter Pinum Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don (1832) et Abietem mucronatam Raf. (1832) vetustatis electio. Autem hoc supervacuum agnovimus quia MIRBEL (1825: 63) explanat :	Adverse synonymy, even now known, was to be expected, in case the combinations based on Pinum taxifoliam Lamb, or Abietem taxifoliam Poir., were not legitimate, between Pinum Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don (1832) and Abietem mucronatam Raf. (1832) an old choice. However, we have recognized this as superfluous because MIRBEL (1825: 63) explains:
« Les bords du Tachoutché-Tessé, lequel coule à l'ouest des Rocheuses, sont garnis des mêmes arbres que les bords de l'Oungigah. Cette riche végétation se porte dans la Nouvelle--Hanovre jusqu'aux plages de l'Océan Pacifique, par 52° 20' de latitude, vis-à-vis l'île Nootka, où le naturaliste Menziez, compagnon de Vancouver, découvrit un Abies, que Lambert a nommé taxifolia, et que j'appellerai Menziezii pour le distinguer de l'Abies taxifolia du Jardin du Roi, qui a pour lui l'antériorité. »	"The banks of the Tachouche-Tesse [Fraser River], which flows west of the Rockies, are lined with the same trees as the banks of the Onggah. This rich vegetation extends from New Hanover to the beaches of the Pacific Ocean, at 52° 20' latitude, opposite Nootka Island, where the naturalist Menziez, a companion of Vancouver, discovered an Abies, which Lambert named taxifolia, and which I will call Menziezii to distinguish it from the Abies taxifolia of the Jardin du Roi, which has the advantage of being the first to be discovered."
Idem auctor (1825: 70) in enumeratione generis Abietis specierum sequentem offert :	The same author (1825: 70) offers the following in enumerating the species of the genus Abies:
« 11. Menziezii. Mirb. Nootka. Nouvelle-Géorgie taxifolia. Lamb, non Desf. (lat. 51° à. …)»	« 11. Menziezii. Mirb. Nootka. New Georgia taxifolia. Lamb, non Desf. (lat. 51° à. …)»
Notandum est quod MIRBEL (1825) europaeam speciem ut Abies taxifolia Desf. refert.	It should be noted that MIRBEL (1825) refers to the European species as Abies taxifolia Desf.
Tali modo Abies Menziezii Mirb. primum legitimum nomen est et hinc novam combinationem Pseudotsugam Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco proponimus. Haec species in honorem ARCHIBALD MENZIES qui eam anno 1797 in Nootka sinu detexit nominata est et ideo epithetum a Menziezii ad Menziesii emendamus.	Thus, Abies Menziezii Mirb. is the first legitimate name and hence we propose the new combination Pseudotsugam Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco. This species is named in honor of ARCHIBALD MENZIES who discovered it in 1797 in Nootka Bay and therefore we amend the epithet from Menziezii to Menziesii.
Notandum est quod multis Coniferarum operibus nomen Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. (1833) supra Pinum Menziesii Dougl. ex D. Don (1832) fundatum et Piceae sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. synonymum reperitur. Tamen Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl, ut posterior detrimentum afferre Abiete Menziesii Mirb. non potest.	It should be noted that in many works on Conifers, the name Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. (1833) is found above Pinum Menziesii Dougl. ex D. Don (1832) and is a synonym of Piceae sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. However, Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., as the latter, cannot be detrimental to Abiete Menziesii Mirb.
Pseudotsugae Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco specimen typicum sub nomine Pini taxifoliae Lamb, et ab ARCHIBALD MENZIES lecto in Herbario Musei Historiae Naturalis Londinensis servatur ubi aestate priore cum cl. J. RAMSBOTTOM permissu eum vidimus.	Pseudotsugae Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco a type specimen under the name Pini taxifoliae Lamb, and read by ARCHIBALD MENZIES is preserved in the Herbarium of the Natural History Museum of London where we saw it last summer with the permission of cl. J. RAMSBOTTOM.

Diversas varietates formasque continet inter quas :	It contains different varieties and forms, including:
α — Var. viridis (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. viridis Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI : 257 (1907).	α — Var. viridis (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. viridis Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI : 257 (1907).
for. densa (Slavin) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga taxifolia for. densa Slavin in Chittenden, Conif. Cultiv. 137 (1932).	for. densa (Slavin) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga taxifolia for. densa Slavin in Chittenden, Conif. Cultiv. 137 (1932).
for. dumosa (Carr.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii [var.] dumosa Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 2: 258 (1867).	for. dumosa (Carr.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii [var.] dumosa Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 2: 258 (1867).
β — Var. caesia (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. caesia Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XI : 86 (1902).	β — Var. caesia (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. caesia Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XI : 86 (1902).
γ — Var. glauca (Mayr) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. glauca Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 307 (1890). P. glauca (Mayr) Mayr in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XI : 86 (1902). P. taxifolia var. glauca (Mayr) Schneid, in Silva-Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelholz. 269 (1913).	γ — Var. glauca (Mayr) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. glauca Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 307 (1890). P. glauca (Mayr) Mayr in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XI : 86 (1902). P. taxifolia var. glauca (Mayr) Schneid, in Silva-Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelholz. 269 (1913).
for. pumila (Beissn.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. pumila Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk. ed. 2: 110 (1909). P. taxifolia var. pumila (Beissn.) M. L. Green in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1938 (2): 85 (23-III-1938)	for. pumila (Beissn.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. pumila Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk. ed. 2: 110 (1909). P. taxifolia var. pumila (Beissn.) M. L. Green in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1938 (2): 85 (23-III-1938)

Little (1952, p. 181) rejects Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and accepts the Rocky Mountain variety as P. taxifolia var. glauca (Beissn.) Sudw.

Harrington (1954) accepts Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudworth, U. S. D. A. For Div. Bull. 14:46. 1897

Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) continues to accepts Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudworth, U. S. D. A. For Div. Bull. 14:46. 1897

Population Differences

Pseudotsuga menziesii has two widely recognized varieties: menziesii, the green variety indigenous to the area west of the summit of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon and of the Sierra Nevada in California; and glauca, the blue Douglas-fir native to the interior mountains of the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains in the United States, and to Mexico. The division between the two varieties is not as clearly defined in Canada, although menziesii is commonly considered indigenous to the area west of the crest of the mainland Coast and Cascade Ranges.

The varieties differ in both growth rate and size at maturity, menziesii being more rapid growing and much larger. In habit, glauca is more shade tolerant, has a more pronounced tap root, is more susceptible to Rhabdocline pseudotsugae when grown in a moist environment, and is significantly more cold hardy. The coastal and interior varieties also differ in botanical and morphological characteristics. Because of variation within the two recognized varieties, it has been suggested that variety glauca be replaced with several varieties, and many forms have been reported. Chemical and cytological investigations have shown differences both between and within the two varieties, but such work has not led to further differentiation (38,48).

References

38. Li, Peng, and W. T. Adams. 1989. Range-wide patterns of allozyme variation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:149-161.

48. Rudloff, Ernst von. 1972. Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pseudotsuga. I. Leaf oil analysis of the coastal and Rocky Mountain varieties of the Douglas fir. Canadian Journal of Botany 50(5):1025-1040.

Typically, the varieties of P. menziesii are distinguished geographically. But what of those that might be planted? If one encounters an itinerant Douglas fir around Denver, is it more likely the local variety glauca, or an import from the Northwest? Flora of North America (Lipscomb, 1993) distinguishes the varieties as follows:

Original Text
1	Bracts straight, appressed; seed cones 6-10 cm; leaves yellowish green; Pacific Coast region.	2a var. menziesii
+	Bracts spreading, often reflexed; seed cones 4-7 cm; leaves bluish green to dark green or gray-green; Rocky Mountain region.	2b var. glauca

Lipscomb (1993) also states:

The two intergrading varieties are sympatric in southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington.

Adams, et al. (2013) studied nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) and chloroplast (cpDNA) from 11 populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii from Washington south to Oaxaca, Mexico. Populations sampled of var. glauca were from Yellowstone, Wyoming and northern New Mexico. No populations from Colorado were sampled. The nrDNA grouped the three var. menziesii separate from var. glauca (NM), even with only partial sequences. Very little variation was found among the populations of P. menziesii but the cpDNA did give support for the recognition of var. menziesii and var. glauca, with some support for var. oaxacana.

Samples of var. glauca:

• Adams 12556-12560, 13 km w of Cimarron, NM on US 64, 36.54684º N, 105.03321º W, 2125 m;
• Adams 12744-12748 (ex D. Thornburg, 1-5), 9 km ne of Pine, AZ on Hwy 87, 34º 27.422' N, 111º 24.115' W, 2250 m;
• Adams 12818-12822, 20 km e of Yellowstone NP, on US 14 at the Palisades, 44.45448º N, 109.78182º W, 1910 m;

My collection no. 1502, 13-Jul-2016, made on the northwest slope of North Table Mountain looks to be variety glauca.

Coll. No. 1502, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca

There are two Douglas firs planted in my neighborhood. Are they the local variety? Or, the non-native variety?