|
Literature Cited:
- Retzius, Anders Jahan, 1781.
|
Retzius, Anders Jahan, 1781.
|
96. ANDROPOGON Bladhii spicis suboctonis, flosculo hermaphrodito sessili aristato :
neutro pedunculato ciliato mutico.
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96. ANDROPOGON Bladhii spikes suboctonus, sessile hermaphrodite flower:
neither pedunculate ciliated muticus.
|
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Culmus simplex teres , parce foliosus, geniculis barbatis.
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Culm simple terete, sparsely leafy, with bearded knees.
|
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Folia graminea , pilis albis sparsis , praecipue as vaginarum oras.
Vaginae nudae striatae.
|
Leaves grassy, ??scattered with white hairs, especially the edges of the sheaths.
Stripped bare vaginas.
|
|
Spicae suboctonae , pedunculatae , culmum terminantes , lineares, erectae,
inaequales , indivisae , rachi geniculata pilosa cum pedicillis.
|
Spikes suboctone, pedunculate, terminating the culm, linear, erect,
unequal, undivided, hairy geniculate rachis with pedicels from bare striate.
|
|
Flosculi alterni, geminati , basi pilis albis circumdati.
|
Flowers alternate, twined, surrounded by white hairs at the base.
|
|
Flosculus hermaphroditus sessilis, aristatus : arista longa torta ;
stigmata 2 longa nigra incrassata , breviter hirsuta , stylis brevibus
capillaribus insidentia.
|
Hermaphrodite flower sessile, bristly: a long twisted spike;
stigmata 2 long black thickened, shortly hairy, with short styles
capillary incidence.
|
|
Flosculus neuter pedunculatus , omnino vacuus , laevissime ciliatus.
|
Neutral flower pedunculate, completely empty, very lightly ciliated.
|
|
In China lectum cum aliis honorat. D. BLADH.
|
In China the bed with others is honored. D. BLADH.
|
|
Literature Cited:
- Blake, S. T., 1968.
|
Behind a paywall
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Bouteloua, La Gasca, 1805;
|
Bouteloua Lag. “Grama Grass”
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Bouteloua, La Gasca, 1805;
|
Bouteloua Lag. “Grama Grass”
See the discussion about Bouteoua in the Golden flora.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Constance, Lincoln, and Rafael L. Rodriguez C., 1975.
- La Gasca, Don Mariano, 1805.
- Lagasca y Segura, Mariano, 1816.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Bouteloua;
Notes on Bouteloua simplex, La Gasca, 1805;
|
The genus Bouteloua was described in 1805 by Mariano Lagasca.
The generic name honors two Spanish brothers Claudius (d. 1842) and Exteban Boutelou (d. 1813) professors of botany and agriculture respectively.
Lagasca's original spelling of the genus name was Botelus.
In a later publication (1816), he corrected this to Bouteloua.
|
…
Las quatro especies de este nuevo genero se debel al zelo y
actividad del infatigable viagero Son Luis Nee,
quien las collecto en la Nueva España, y en las Islas Filipinas.
Tre de ellas las he visto vivas en el Real Jardin Botanica,
donde se cultivan actualmente.
|
…
The four species of this new genus are due to zeal and
activity of the tireless traveler Don Luis Nee,
who collected them in New Spain, and in the Philippine Islands.
I have seen three of them alive in the Real Jardin Botanica,
where they are currently grown.
|
p. 133
|
|
…
|
…
|
|
(1) Dedico este genero, que sin duda contiene
especies utiles para la agricultura, a los Señores Don
Claudio Boutelou, Profesor segundo, y Jardinero
mayor del Real Jardi Botanico de Madrid, y a Don
Esteban su hermano, Jardinero mayor de los Reales
Jardines de Aranjuez, cuyos nombres deben perpetuarse
juntos en la botanica y agricultura, ciencias en
que han hecho progressos bien conocidos, y acreditados
por el numerosisimo herbario que traxeron de
Francia e Inglaterra, a donde fueron pensionados por
S. M. para instruirse en ambas ciencias por las memorias
botanicas insertas en los anales de ciencias
naturales; por los tratados de agricultura sobre las
Plantas de hortaliza, y de flores de adorno, y
por las muchas y preciosas memorias publicadas en
el seminario de agricultura, de que son actualmente
muy dignos redactores.
|
I dedicate this genus, which undoubtedly contains
species useful for agriculture, to the Lords Don
Claudio Boutelou, Second Professor, and Gardener
mayor of the Real Jardi Botanico of Madrid, and Don
Esteban his brother, senior outfielder of the Royals
Gardens of Aranjuez, whose names must be perpetuated
together in botany and agriculture, sciences in
who have made well-known and accredited progress
for the numerous herbarium that they brought from
France and England, where they were pensioned by
S. M. to be instructed in both sciences through memoirs
botanicals inserted in the annals of science
natural; by agricultural treaties on
Vegetable plants, and decorative flowers, and
for the many precious memoirs published in
the agricultural seminar, of which they are currently
very worthy editors.
|
p. 134
|
|
…
|
…
|
When published in 1805, Lagasca's surname was spelled “La Gasca.”
However, over time,
Spanish naming conventions often turned compound surnames like “La Gasca” into a more streamlined form “Lagasca” when used in academic or bibliographical contexts.
This reflects a broader trend toward orthographic simplification and consistency.
Today, his correct and commonly accepted name is Mariano Lagasca (or Mariano Lagasca y Segura in fuller form),
abbreviated Lag.
Lagasca proposed five species,
- Boutelua racemosa. Bot pendula H. R. M.
- Boutelua hirsuta. Bot. hirta. H. R. M.
- Boutelua barbata.
- Boutelua simplex.
- Boutelua prostrata, H. R. M.
but did not designate a type species.
Griffiths (1912), Hitchcock (1920), and Hitchcock et al. (1939) all have accepted the first species, B. racemosa, as the type.
As plants of the type species had been named Chloris curtipendula by Michaux in 1803,
the legitimate name for this taxon is Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,
first published in R.B.Marcy, Explor. Red River Louisiana: 300 (1853).
See the discussion of B. curtipendula, below.
Some additional information about La Gasca can be found in Constance & Rodriguez (1975).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Griffiths, David, 1912.
|
Griffiths (1912) paper on
“The grama grasses: Bouteloua and related genera” is a foundational taxonomic monograph
—
an important early systematic treatment of the grama grasses (genus Bouteloua) that set names, descriptions, keys and distributions that later workers built on.
Griffiths’ 1912 work,
was published as a United States National Museum contribution and provided a comprehensive account
(descriptions, identification keys, illustrations, geographic notes and many nomenclatural combinations)
of Bouteloua known at that time.
That made it the go-to reference for North American grama taxonomy for decades.
Many modern treatments and species authorships still trace back to Griffiths’ names and combinations (you’ll see “Griffiths” cited in botanical author citations for some Bouteloua names).
Later, more comprehensive revisions and molecular studies updated and refined Griffiths’ work (for example Frank W. Gould’s later revision of Bouteloua in the late 1970s/1980), but those later authors treated Griffiths’ monograph as an important baseline to compare against.
Griffiths had a knack for combining detailed field observation with careful herbarium work, so even though his taxonomy has been refined since, that 1912 paper still feels like a solid piece of botanical craftsmanship.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Constance, Lincoln, and Rafael L. Rodriguez C., 1975.
- Gould, Frank W., 1979.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
Kranz Syndrome;
|
|
Abstract.
Bouteloua was established in 1805 by Mariano Lagasca.
The type species is B. curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey, originally named B. racemosa by Lagasca.
In the present treatment, 39 species are recognized, 29 of these restricted to North America and Central America,
2 species are endemic to the Antilles, 2 species occur in the Antilles, as well as at other locations,
5 species are distributed in both North and South America, and 1 species, B. megapotamica,
is represented only in southern South America.
Bouteloua is a characteristic member of the tribe Chlorideae of the subfamily Eragrostoideae (Chloridoideae).
The species all are C4 plants with typical Kranz leaf anatomy and starch storage features.
Chromosome numbers have been reported for 29 species with most species being diploid (2n = 20) or tetraploid (2n = 40).
Aneuploid records or series of counts have been reported for 9 species.
|
|
All species of Bouteloua are characterized by features of the Kranz Syndrome.
They are C4 in their photosynthesis and have a characteristic chloridoid leaf anatomy.
Starch storage is in specialized plastids of the leaf sheath bundles,
and the arrangement of cells in the leaf blade is typically Kranz.
The 39 recognized species are all variously adapted to shortgrass prairies, desert grasslands,
and xeric sites along desert shrub areas, and sandy shores.
|
Two subgenera, Bouteloua and Chrondrosium (Desvaux) Gould.
Weber & Wittmann (2012) retain Chrondrosium at the rank of genus,
though spelling it Chrondrosum Desvaux,
suggesting that we see Clayton, W. D., 1986, Genera Graminum: Grasses of the World. Kew Bull. Addit. Ser. XIII. 389 p.
Peterson, et al. (2015) treat Chrondrosum as a section of Bouteloua containing B. gracilis and
one other known in Colorado, B. simplex.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bouteloua curtipendula;
|
Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. in Marcy (1854) “Side-Oats Grama”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
|
The basionym of B. curtipendula is Chloris curtipendula Michx.
| Original Text
| My Interpretation
|
|
CHLORIS. Sw.
|
CHLORIS. O. P. Swartz (1788) Nova Genera & Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
|
|
Spicae unilateriflorae, spiculis subsessiliter biseriatis : quarum
gluma communis 2-valvis, 2-6-flora :
floribus dissimilibus ;
valva altera ( saltem nonnullorum ) aristata :
uno hermaphrodito , fertili ;
caeteris inperfectis , masculis neutrisve ;
ultimo pedicellato.
|
Spikes unilateral flowered, darts subsessiliter biseriatis, of which the husk common 2-doors,
2-6-flowered, flowers are different;
second valve (at least some) anstata one hermaphrodito, fertile;
the rest of the imperfect, or the males neutrisve;
last pedicellatae.
|
|
…
|
…
|
|
curtipendula.
C. racemo erecto longo ;
e spicis plurimis , distiche alternis ,
e basí emittens rudimentum secundi floris inane ,
promisse aristatum ; intra quod bina alia rudimenta
quasi in sola arista consistentia.
|
curtipendula.
Chloris, even on a long raceme;
very many out of the ears of corn, distiche every other day,
And I will send the initial stage of the second base of the flower out of the void,
Retz promised; the rudiments of other things, and within it two of every sort
as the only grain condition.
|
|
Plantae cultae statura major; spicae 6-12-glumes.
|
If cultivated plants are taller; 6-12-spike glumes.
|
|
Hab. in aridis regionis Illinoensis ad Wabast et in
rupibus ad prairie du rocher.
♃
|
Habitat.
In arid regions of Illinois to Wabash River and watercourses of Prairie de Rocher (a town in southwest Illinois).
Perennial.
|
Prairie du Rocher is one of the oldest communities in the 21st century United States having been founded in 1722 by French colonists, mostly migrants from Canada.
About four miles to the west, closer to the Mississippi River, is Fort de Chartres, site of a French military fortification and colonial headquarters established in 1720.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lagasca y Segura, Mariano, 1816.
|
Lagasca y Segura. 1816. Genera et species plantarum. p. 5.
|
76. Bout. racemosa: spicis glabris racemosis pendulis Lag. loc. cit.
—
Chloris curtipendula. Pers. Enchyr. bot. 1. p. 87.
Willd. Sp. pl. vol. 4. pag. 427.
|
76. Bout. racemosa: spikes glabrous, racemose, pendulous Lag. loc. cit.
—
Chloris curtipendula. Pers. Enchyr. bot. 1. p. 87.
Willd. Sp. pl. vol. 4. pag. 427.
|
|
Hab. in N. Hisp., in Peruviae regno,
Bonariensi plantie, et Philippicis insulis.
♃.
|
Lives in New Spain, in the kingdom of Peru, on the island of Buenos Aires, and on the islands of the Philippines.
Perennial.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Emory, William H., 1848.
|
Emory (1848) hinted as the existence of Bouteloua curtipendula as a name but this
would be invalid because he really did not place B. racemosa
in synonomy.
I assume that Emory had heard from Torrey that B. curtipendula
was the correct name but perhaps did not know that Torrey had not published
the name.
____teloua racemosa, Lagasca. ? Culm erect, simple; spikes nu-
____s (20-40,) reflexed, 3-flowers; lower glume linear subulate;
____ one linear-lanceolate, scabrous, entire, nearly as long as the
____ts; lower palea of the perfect flower unequally tricuspidate,
____ent; abortive flower reduced to a slender awn which is nearly
____g as the perfect flower, furnished at the base with 2 short
____onspicuous bristles. Valley of the Gila, rare. This plant
____pretty well with Kunth's description of B. (Eutriana,) race-
____xcept in the pubescent lower palea, and the minute bristles
____base of the neiter flower. Whether it be the plant of La-
____r not is very difficult to determine from his brief character.
It certainly is very different from B. racemosa of the United States,
which has a large 3-awed neuter flower, and if distinct from La-
gasca's, must receive another name. That of B. curtipendula
would be appropriate.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Marcy, Randolph B., 1854.
|
IPNI (2020) indicates that Bouteloua curtipendula was credited to Torrey in Marcy (1854),
whereas Marcy seems to credit Torrey in Emory's report.
IPNI also suggest that new combination was invalid,
“Torrey (in Emory, Notes milit. Reconn. 154. 1848) mentioned this comb. nov. (invalid)”
|
Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Var. Cienc. (1805) p. 141 ;
Torr. in Emory's Rep., p. 154 ;
not of Torr. Fl. N. York.
Dinebra curtipendula, DC.? Kunth, Syn. Pl. Eq. 1, p. 281 ;
excl. syn. Michx. Eutriana curtipendula, Trin. Fund. P. 161 (in part);
Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 280, and Suppl. P. 233 ;
excl. syn. Michx. and Willd.
Main Fork of Red River; July.
The detailed description of this species by Kunth, l. c.,
(drawn from a Mexican specimen collected by Humboldt)
shows that the Chloris curtipendula of Michaux (Bouteloua curtipendula, Torr.)
is a distinct species, as indicated in Emory's report, l. c.
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| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bouteloua dactyloides;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 1673, 16 Jun 2017;
Coll. No. 1674, 19 Jun 2017;
Coll. No. 1690, 29 Jun 2017;
|
Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
v. v.;
|
Buffalo Grass was first recognized in the field and published by Nuttall (1818).
However, Nuttall only saw the staminate plants, and published the grass that way.
He also was not sure of the genus, but settled on Sesleria as his best guess.
| 95. SESLERIA. L. (Moor-grass.)
|
|
Calix 2 to 5-flowered.
Corolla 2-valved, valvea toothed at the point.
Stigmata somewhat glandulous.
—
Flowers spiked, often purplish, base of the spike breacteate, or involucrate.
Early flowering subalpine grasses, growing in calcareous mountains.
|
Species. 1. S. Dactlyoides.
Culm setaceous, leafy;
leaves short, flat, subulate, and somewhat hairy;
stipules bearded;
spikes 2 or 3, few-flowered;
flowers in 2 rows, disposed upon an unilateral rachis,
calix mostly 2-flowered, and with the corolla acuminate and entire.
|
Hab. On the open grassy plains of the Missouri;
abundant.
Flowers in May and Junes.
v. v.
Root after flowering resembling a bulb.
|
|
Culm smooth and round, furnished with 2 or 3 leaves, about 4 or 5 inches high.
Leaves flat, subulate, and somewhat hairy, 1 to 2 inhes in length, and about 2 lines wide;
sheathes shorter than the internodes, very hairy around the stipules.
Spikes 2 or 3, somewhat ovalm subtended by a single leaf, with which they are at first sheathed;
rachis compressed, margined,spikelets 6 to 8, by pairs, inclined to one side.
Calix 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered, vales very unequal, each with a single nerve and carinate,
the larger oblong-ovate, mucronulate.
Outer valve of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, entire, 3-nerved, smooth, and menbranaceous,
longer than the calix;
inner 2-nerved, nearly the length of the outer.
Anthers linear, entire, fulvous, exserted.
Styles filiform, pubescept.
|
|
This species appears on the one hand, alloed to Atheropogon,
and on the other to Dactylis.
Though rather a Sesleria than any other genus,
it recedes from it in having the valves of the corolla entire at the apex,
and thus it approaches Dactylis at least, the D. glomerata.
|
|
With the exception of the present species,
the genus Sesleria is confined to the alpine regions of Northern Europe.
| |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1819.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
nomen nudum;
|
Rafinesque (1819), recognizing that the grass must be distinct from the Old World Sesleria,
published a genus name Bulbilis for Nuttall's grass.
…
18. Sesleria dactyloides must form a peculiar genus by Mr. N's. own account,
it may be called Bulbilis.
…
|
The question will become whether this is a validly published name, or whether it is a nomen nudum.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1838-1843.
|
I don't see any grasses in Torrey & Gray's (1838-1843) Flora of North America.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Marcy, Randolph B., 1854.
|
|
Sesleria dactyloides, Nutt. Gen, 1, p. 65; Kunth, Enum, 1, p. 323;
Torr, in Emory's report, p. 323, t. 10.
Upper tributaries of the Red River; July.
This is the well known Buffalo-grass of the western prairies.
It is remarkable that neither the grain nor the fertile flowers of this grass are known.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Engelmann, George, M.D., 1859.
|
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
TWO NEW DIOECIOUS GRASSES OF THE UNITED STATES.
|
|
|
By George Engelmann, M.D.
|
|
|
The grasses, though usually hermaphrodite, show a tendency to a separation of the sexes,
and polygamous flowers are not rare among them.
About 25 to 28 genera, one-twelfth of the whole number known,
comprising only 75 to 80 species,
about one seventy-fifth of all species, *
are described as having monoecious and mostly heteromorphous flowers.
|
|
|
Only two genera of dioecious grasses are known to the books;
of these, Spinifex, Lin., with 6 species from the East Indies and Australia,
bearing on some plants staminate and on others complete flowers,
is only incompletely dioecious;
the other genus is Gynerium, H. B. K., five South American species.
Some other dioecious species of genera,
generally hermaphrodite, are noticed;
such as Calamagrostis dioica, Lour., and Guadua dioca, Steud.
|
|
|
The unisexual grasses mostly belong to Oryzeae, Phalarideae, Paniceae, and Rottboellieae;
none have been known among the tribes of Stipeae, Agrostideae, Chlorideae, Avenaceae, Festiceae,
and Hordeeae.
|
|
|
They were unknown in the northern temperate zone,
with the exception of Zizania and Tripsacum of North America
and the cultivated Zea, all with heteromorphous staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant.
The dioecious grasses of our Flora are both species of Brizopyrum;†
Eragrostis reptans is also frequently or mostly dioecious,
and other species of this genus seem to be imperfectly so.
|
|
|
In the following pages, two new dioecious North American grasses are described,
both types of new and very distinct genera,
and both, it is believed, belonging to Chloridae.
|
|
|
|
|
* In the latest work on Grasses, Steudel's Glumaceae,
published in 1855, about 6,000 species of Grasses are described,
very unequally distributed in about 300 genera,
many general containing only a single species,
while Panicum alone comprises 864,
Andropogon 461,
Eragrostis 247,
and Festuca 239 numbers.
|
|
|
† Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook. Is from the eastern seacoast,
and B. strictum from the saline soils of the Missouri region and of Utah.
The flowers of both sexes are conform,
but the staminate plants are readily distinguished from the pistillate ones
by their more slender growth, the spikes overtopping the leaves;
while in the pistillate plants the latter are longer than the spikes.
|
= Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene
|
| |
|
Engelmann's description of the new genus:
| Original Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
BUCHLOË, Nov. Gen.
|
BUCHLOË, New Genus
|
|
Gramen plantitierum Americae Septentrionalis aridarum
Missouriensium, Texensium, Mexicanarumque gregarium,
perenne, stoloniferum, humile, sparse pilosum vel glabriusculum;
ligulis barbatis.
—
Buchloe pro nimis longo Bubalochloe nomen vernaculum
“Buffalograss,” graece reddit.
|
Grass of arid North America, Missouri, Texas, Mexico,
perennial stoloniferous, small, sparsely hairy or glabriusculus;
ligules bearded.
—
Buchloe from a long form, Bubalochloe
(Χορτ ο βου β αλ ου)
The name of the breed “ Buffalograss” in Greek.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1855.
|
Description of the new species:
|
Buchloe dactyloides.
|
|
Syn. Plantae masculae:
Sesleria dactyloides, Nuttall, Gen. I. p. 64.
Sesleria (?) dactyloides, Torrey, in Emory's Rep. 1848, p. 153, Pl. X;
id. In Whipple's Rep. Pacif, R.R. Expl., IV., p. 157.
Calanthera dactyloides, Kenth (?) in Hooker's account of Geyer's Rocky Mountain plants, in Kew Journ. Bot., VIII., p. 18.
Triodiae spec., Bentham, in Pl. Hartweg, nro. 250, p. 28.
Lasiostega humilis, Rupprecht (ined) in Benth, Pl. Hartw. Corrig., P. 347.
—
Drummond Tex., Ill., nro. 378.
Lindheimer, Pl. Tex. Exsicc. 569.
Fendler N. Mex., 940.
Berlandier, nro. 1612 and 1614.
Hartw, 250 (fide Gray).
|
|
Syn. Plantae faemineae:
Antephora axilliflora, Steudel, Glum. I. . 111
—
Drummond Tex., II., 359.
Wright, 1849, 785; 1851-1852, 2079 (fide Torrey).
|
|
This remarkable plant is found in our western prairies from the British possessions
throughout the Missouri Territory, Nebraska, Kansas, and New Mexico, down to Texas and Northern Mexico,
and is, under the name of “Buffalo-grass,”
well known to hunters and trappers as one of the most nutricious grasses,
on which, for a part of the year, subsist and fatten immense herds of buffalo
and the cattle of the hunter and emigrant.
Since the time of Nuttall, who published an account of it,
in his “Genera,” as early as 1818,
the male plant has been collected by almost every botanist traversing those regions.
The female plant had escaped the observers until it was described by Steudel,
in the year 1855, from Drummond's Texan specimens,
as a totally different plant and belonging even to a different tribe.
Though Prof. Torrey had already, in Emory's Report, 1848, suggested the
probability of the Buffalo-grass being a dioecious plant,
the possibility that Nuttall's Sesleria dactyloides
and Steudel's Antephora axilliflora could be the male and female of the same species
was not even suspected,
till finding both together in a collection sent by my brother,
Henry Engelmann, who, as a geologist, accompanied the topographical corps attached to the army of Utah,
I was struck with their similarity.
My surmise, much doubted at first, became a certainty,
when I discovered among some male plants,
collected by A. Fendler, about Fort Kearny on the Platte River, a monoecious specimen,
showing both male and female flowers on different stalks from the same rhizome.
A figure of this important specimen is given on Pl. XII., fig. 3.
|
|
That our plant is distinct from Sesleria has already been stated by Torrey (l. c. p. 154),
and indeed by Nuttall himself (l. c. p. 65),
and both have pointed to its affinity to Atheropogon or Chondrosium.
The description now given fully confirms both positions.
It also leaves no doubt that is is not an Antephora, nor at all paniceous.
A new generic name, therefore, had to be given, and I have preferred to
propose an abbreviated translation of the popular and widely known name of “Buffalo-grass,”
retaining of course Nuttall's original specific appellation.
The synonyms of the male plant, supplied through the kindness of Prof. Gray,
are uncertain, Kunth never having published such a name as Calanthera,
which, moreover, is quite unmeaning;
nor can I learn that a genus Lasiostega has ever been described.
|
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The Buffalo-grass grows in dense tufts, sending out stolons.
These, in most herbarium specimens, are only a few inches long,
with internodes of 1/2-2 incles in length;
Lindheimer, however, sends specimens from New Braunfels, Texas,
with stolons 1-2 feet long, the internodes often measuring over 3 and even as much as 5 inches.
The male plant seems to throw out more numerous runners than the female,
and may often overspread and kill it out.
Which would account for the much greater scarcity of the latter.
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Leaves 2-4 inches long, 1/2-1 1/2 lines wide, sparsely hairy or ciliate or glabrous;
sheaths striate, glabrous, strongly bearded at the throat.
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Engelmann (1859) wrote a very long and detailed description of the staminate plant.
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Engelmann (1859) then wrote a very long and detailed description of the pistillate plant.
The Engelmann article then continues with a description of Monanthochloë, and M. littoralis Engelm.
This is also known as shore-grass and not known from Colorado, so the description is not included here.
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Literature Cited:
- Plank, E. N., 1892.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Buchloë dactyloides, Hitchcock, 1895;
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E. N. Plank (1892) argued that the plant was actually monoecious.
He based this on a single observation,
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During one of my botanical rambles in Kansas,
while walking over soil newly moved by a freshet,
I noticed the peculiar appearance of the individual plants
of buffalo grass growing upon it.
There were scores of them, if not hundreds.
All of them appeared to be seedlings, having not yet sent out stolons.
All of these plants were monoecious.
That seems to be sexually the original character of the species.
The fact of the unisexual flowering stems,
proceeding from different parts of the plants,
with its stoloniferous character generally increasing and spreading in that way,
will fully account for its dioecious habit.
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Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, A. S., 1895.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Buchloë dactyloides, Plank, 1892;
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Hitchcock (1895) refuted Plank's (1892) observation that Buffalo Grass was monoecious.
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Note on buffalo grass.
—
I read with interest an article by Mr. Plank on
“Buchloe dactyloides Englm., not a dioecious grass.”
He asserts that the grass in question is not dioecious,
as usually described,
but monoecious,
and in support records observations made in Kansas.
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Wishing to satisfy myself experimentally as to the correctness
of this assertion,
a few seeds were germinated in the greenhouse in the spring of 1893.
A single seedling was transferred to an outdoor plat.
This grew vigorously through the season,
sending out stolons and forming a compact mat.
During 1894 the mat became larger and denser,
but no flowers appeared.
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However, the plant flowered this season (1895).
Both staminate and pistillate flowers were present,
the former preponderating.
The flowers arose mostly from nodes that had taken root
and thus become essentially independent plants.
In no case did I find the two kinds of flowers from the same node,
but from the interwoven state of the stolons I was unable to
determine whether the two kinds of flowers
were borne upon independent stolons.
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The plant was first described by Nuttall (Gen, 1: 65. 1818)
from a staminate specimen,
and named Sesleria dactyloides.
He is evidently doubtful about the plant belonging
to the genus Sesleria.
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Rafinesque having occasion to review Nuttall's Genera
(Am. Monthly Mag. 2: 190. 1819)
makes a note regarding this plant:
“18. Sesleria dactyloides must form a peculiar genus by
Mr. N.'s own account.
It may be called Bulbilis.”
It is upon this basis that Dr. Otto Kuntze establishes
Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. (Rev. Gen. Pl. 763).
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Nuttall remarks in his description:
“Root, after flowering, resembling a bulb,”
from which, doubtless,
Rafinesque derives Bulbilis.
Upon the margin of the copy of the
American Monthly Magazine
above quoted (in the library of the Missouri Botanical Garden),
someone has suggested another derivation,
“bull's bile!”
—
A. S. Hitchcock, Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan.
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Literature Cited:
- Lamson-Scribner, F., 1900.
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Uses Rafinesque's name of Bulbilis dactyloides.
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Literature Cited:
- Schaffner, John H., 1920.
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Schaffner (1920) published an article on the dioecious nature of Buffalo Grass.
He combined field observations and greenhouse experiments to support his contention that
Buffalo Grass is strictly dioecious.
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Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, A. S., 1927.
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Hitchcock (1927) proposed conservation of Buchloë against Bulbilis and others because Engelmann's Buchloë was the first name under which both staminate and pistillate plants were described.
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Buchloe Engelm. (1859) is conserved against Bulbilis Raf. (1819),
Calanthera “Nutt.&rdquo: (1856), and Casiostega Rupr. (1857).
Bulbilis was proposed by Rafinesque in a review of Nuttall's Genera as follows:
“Sesleria dactyloides must for a peculiar genus by Mr. N's own account,
it may be called Bulbilis.”
Calanthera was mentioned by Hooker in a list of Geyer's plants from the Upper Missouri.
“Calanthera dactyloides Kth.–Nutt. Sesleria.”
Casiostega (of the Nomina Conservanda, a lisprint for Lasiostega Rpur.; Benth, Pl. Hartw. 347. 1857) is a nomen nudum.
Nuttall's description of Sesleria dactyloides was based on the staminate plant only
and until Engelmann gave his full description of both sexes of the buffalo grass
there had been no mention of pistillate spikelets.
Though in Bulbilis and Calanthera the type species is indicated and a previously published description is referred to,
that description is so inadequate,
compared to the detailed study published by Engelmann,
that they may well be rejected in favor of Buchloe.
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Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Buchloë dactyloides, Hitchcock, 1971, 2nd ed.;
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See Hitchcock, 1971, below.
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Literature Cited:
- Anderson, Kling, and A. E. Aldous, 1937.
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An article on monoecious Buffalo Grass by Anderson & Aldous (1937) is behind a paywall I have been unable to penetrate.
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Literature Cited:
- Gernert, W. B., 1937.
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An article by Gernert (1937) appears to address the height of pistillate spikes relative to harvesting them, but is behind a paywall I have not penetrated.
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Literature Cited:
- Hensel, R. L., 1938.
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Hensel (1938) wrote about perfect-flowered buffalo grass which might be interesting to read were it not, alas, behind a paywall.
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Literature Cited:
- Spurlock, Clay, 1940.
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Spurlock (1940) surveys monoecious and dioecious grasses in America, finding 17 genera and 54 species of monoecious,
and 13 genera and 23 species of dioecious grasses of the Western Hemisphere, of which Buffalo Grass is one of the latter.
Note is made of the controversy about the degree of dioecism seen in Buffalo Grass.
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Literature Cited:
- Burr, Richard D., 1951.
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Burr (1951) wrote about his observations in variations of sex along stolons of
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Literature Cited:
- Rickett, H. W. , & F. A. Stafleu, 1959c.
- Rickett, H. W., and F. A. Stafleu, 1959.
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In a review of conserved names, Rickett and Stafleu (1959) note that conservation of the name “Buchloë” was superfluous.
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† 308.
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Buchloë Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 1 432.
1859 quadrim. 1. T.: B. dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann
(Sesleria dactyloides) Nuttall).
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Note: Conservation superfluous:
Calanthera Nuttall ex W. J. Hooker, Journ, Bot. Kew Misc. 8: 18 (1856),
Bulbilis Rafinesque, Am. Mon. Mag. Crit. Rev. 4: 190. (1819), and
Lasiostegia Ruprecht ex Betham, Pl. Hartw. 347 (1857),
are all nomina nuda.
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The meaning of the dagger (†) is unclear.
All names with daggers were subjects of a superfluous conservation.
However, not all with superfluous conservation were marked with a dagger.
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Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, A. S., 1971.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Buchloë dactyloides, Hitchcock, 1935;
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115. BÚCHLOË Engelm.
(Bulbilis Raf.)
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Plants dioecious or monecious.
…
Type species, Buchloë dactyloides.
Name contracted from Greek boubalos, buffalo, and chloë, grass, a Greek rendering of the common name,
“buffalo grass.”
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1. Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Buffalo Grass.
…
The sod houses of the early settlers were made mostly from the sod of this grass.
In 1941 it was planted at Boyce Thompson Institute, Yonkers, N. Y., and is proving to be an excellent cover for exposed dry banks.
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Literature Cited:
- Bai, T. J., 1990.
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Abstract :
Seventy-five stands with different compositions of blue grama (B. gracilis) and buffalograss (B. dactyloides) were sampled in 1987.
Multiple regression and principal component analysis techniques were used to investigate the relationship between
blue grama and buffalograss composition and soil characteristics.
Blue grama was often more abundant on sandy soil, while buffalograss was found on clay soil.
Blue grama was also found on clay soils when lime content was high.
The essential factor underlying sand, clay and lime content of soil was interpreted as water stress.
Relative crowding coeff. calculated for blue grama and buffalograss showing
that both species had greater height and produced more vegetation when found intermingled than when growing in monoculture.
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Literature Cited:
- Quinn, James A., 1991.
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Quinn (1991) examined multiple hypotheses for dioecy in Buffalo Grass and
found support only for “out-crossing” as an advantage afforded by dioecy.
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Abstract.
Buchloe dactyloides is a perennial dioecious grass in which male and female inflorescences
are so strikingly dimorphic that they were originally assigned to different genera.
The objective of this paper is to present the results of tests for sex-specific vegetative characters, ecological differences,
and sexual niche-partitioning,
combining them with prior information on the reproductive biology of Buchloe
for an evaluation of the key factors leading to the evolution of dioecy and sexual dimorphism.
Field and greenhouse data were collected from Oklahoma and Kansas populations on vegetative characters,
allocation to reproduction, and relative growth and competitive success along resource gradients.
Except for greater susceptibility to leaf rust by males,
there were no significant differences between males and females in vegetative characters, total biomass, or reproductive effort.
Field studies of spatial distributions of males and females failed to show any relation to soil, topography, or soil moisture.
In a 45-month greenhouse experiment starting at the seedling stage,
the relative growth and competitive success of randomly paired individuals showed no evidence
for differential competitive success or for niche-partitioning of males and females.
The "outcrossing advantage" and subsequent sexual specialization of the female inflorescence appear
to be the major factors underlying this dimorphic system.
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Literature Cited:
- Huff, David R., and Lin Wu, 1992.
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Abstract.
Variations of sex inconstancy were examined for vegetative and seed samples
from eight natural populations of buffalograss located along two east-west transects
crossing the shortgrass prairies of Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas.
Each of the eight populations was found to contain inconstant (monoecious) sex forms.
Sex form distributions ranged from the Guymon vegetative sample, having no inconstant sex forms,
to the Chillicothe seed sample in which the frequency of inconstant sex forms was nearly 70%.
Frequencies of inconstant sex forms were generally higher for seed samples than for vegetative samples.
Male to female sex ratio of constant (dioecious) sex forms generally did not differ from 1:1 expectations.
Inconstant sex forms were more common among peripheral populations
where buffalograss vegetation coverage was sparse
than for more central populations having a higher concentration of buffalograss vegetation.
Quantitative measures of sex inconstancy from artificial crosses were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated
with the additive linear model of general combining ability,
suggesting that sex determination in buffalograss has high heritability.
The possible selection forces affecting the frequency of monoecious sex forms among natural populations are discussed.
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Literature Cited:
- Columbus, J. Travis, 1999.
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An expanded circumscription of Bouteloua (Graminae: Chloridoideae): New Combinations and Names
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Literature Cited:
- Columbus, J. Travis, Michael S. Kinney, Maria Elena Siqueiros Delgado, and J. Mark Porter, 2000.
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Phylogenetics of Bouteloua and Relatives (Granineae: Chloridoideae): Cladistic Parsimony Analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) and trnL-F (cpDNA) Sequences.
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Literature Cited:
- Peterson, Paul M., and Konstatin Romaschenko, 2015.
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Phylogeny and subgeneric classification of Bouteloua with a new species, B. herrera-arrietae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Boutelouinae) … Buchloe is reduced to a section of Bouteloua.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bouteloua gracilis;
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Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths. Blue Grama Grass.
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Literature Cited:
- Kunth, Carol Sigismund, 1815-1825.
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H. B. K., 1817. 5 . CHONDROSIUM gracile, t Tab. LVIII
Nova genera et species plantarum :quas in peregrinatione ad plagam aequinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt /descripserunt, partim adumbraverunt Amat. Bonpland et Alex. de Humboldt ; ex schedis autographis Amati Bonplandi in ordinem digessit Carol. Sigismund. Kunth ...
[New genera and species of plants: which were collected/described in their peregrination to the equatorial region of the new world, partly outlined by Amat. Bonpland and Alex. de Humboldt; compiled in order from the autograph sheets of Amat. Bonpland by Carol. Sigismund. Kunth ...]
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5. CHONDROSIUM gracile, † Tab. LVIII
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C. culmo glabro; foliis margine scabris; spica recta;
rhachi interne margineque pubescente ;
glumis coloratis, superiore dorso glandulosa , glandulis piliferis;
palea inferiore basi pilosa.
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Actinochloa gracilis. Willd. herb.
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Crescit in crepidinibus et devexis montis porphyritici La Buffa de Guanaxuato Mexicanorum ,
ait. 1270 hexap. ♃ Floret Septembri.
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Culmus erectus, bipedalis, simplex, striatus, nodique glabri.
Folia anguste linearia, plana, striata, glabra, margine scabra.
Vaginae striatae, glabrae.
Ligula brevissima, ciliata.
Spice solitariae, recta;, geniculatae, pollicares aut sesquipoilicares , basi bractea lanceolata , bifida, ciliata suffultae.
Spicule (fig. 1.) unilaterales, sessiles, alternae, densissime bifariam imbricatae, biflorae.
Rhachis senii teres , externe glabra, interne margineque pubescens.
Glumae inaequales, lineari-lanceolatae, subulatse, inferior duplo brevior, albida, glabra,
superior flore hermaphrodito paullo longior, purpurascens, glandulis sparsis , piliferis obsita.
Flos hermaphroditus generis:
Paleae virescentes, margine purpurascentes, glabrae , basi pilosae, aequales, inferior subtrinervia ,
superior bidentata; aristis palea multo brevioribus.
Flos sterilis pedicellatus , triaristatus; pedicello piloso;
aristis florem hermaphroditum, superantibus.
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
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110. ATHEROPOGON. Muhlenberg.
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... [Description of A. apludoides, syn:
Chloris curtipendula, Mich. = Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torrey – Ed.]
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2. A. * oligostachyum.
Spikes 2 or 3, nearly terminal,
many flowered;
calix and corolla pilose;
outer valve of the corolla distinctly 3-awned,
the 2 lateral awns shorter,
arising near the middle of the valve;
neutral valve 3-awned.
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On the plains of the Missouri with the above.
[Bouteloua curtipendula – Ed.]
Common.
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Culm round, filiform, nearly naked, or with a single leaf,
8 to 12 inches high, smooth and erect.
Leaves very short, smooth, and subulate,
stipule and base of the spikes shortly bearded.
Spikes 1, 2, or 3, about an inch long,
usually curved backwards, unilateral, compressed,
and pectinate, the second spikes bibracteate, rachis semiterete.
Glumes in a double row, opposite;
each 2-flowered;
calix bluish-purple, exterior valve lanceolate, mucronate, with a single nerve;
the nerve beset with a few scattered hairs arising from so many tubercles;
inner valves shorter, very narrow.
Corolla, outer valve lanceolate, carinate, 3-awned,
pilose along the margins of the nerves, and at the base;
inner valve smooth, shortly bi-cuspidate.
Neutral flower 1-valved, obtuse, with 3 awns, and pubescent at the base.
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This species, though certainly a congener of the preceding,
is considerably allied to Chloris,
appearing to unite that genus and Sesleria, agreeing partly
with the latter in the structure of the flowers,
and with the former in its habitus.
(A North American genus)
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Literature Cited:
- Griffiths, David, 1912.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
H. B. K.;
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Griffiths. 1912. Grama Grasses. p. 375
7. Bouteloua gracilis (H. B. K.) Lag.
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Actinochioa ciliata Willd.; Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 41. 1812.
(See Chondrosium ciliatum.)
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Chondrosium ciliatum Willd.; Beauv. Ess. Agrost, 158. 1812.
Beauvois lists this name in the index,
basing it upon the above manuscript name of Willdenow.
In Beauvois’s personal copy of his Essai,a
he has written in the index in his own hand that this is C. gracile H. B. K.
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Chondrosium gracile H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 176. pl. 58. 1816.
The cited plate and description, together with a specimen in Willdenow’s herbarium,
“ex herb. Humboldt ex herb. Kunth”
leave no doubt in my mind that this is what in this country
we have long called B. oligostachya.
It is true that Kunth figures a single-spiked plant,
which is the uncommon form.
It is rather curious that Humboldt and Bonpland did
not collect the more common form,
but not nearly so curious as it would have been if
they had not collected this widely distributed species at all.
Kunth also figures a single-spiked form of B. hirsuta,
though this is the less common form of that species.
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Actinochloa gracilis Willd.; Roem, & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817.
Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K.
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Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt. Gen, Pl. 1:78. 1818.
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Eutriana gracilis Trin. Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824.
Based upon Actinochloa gracilis Willd.
Atheropogon gracilis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825.
Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K.
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Eutriana? oligostachya Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1:96. 1829.
Based upon Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt.
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Bouteloua gracilis Lag.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1840.
Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K.
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Chondrosium oligostachyum Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 300. 1852.
Based upon Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt.
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Bouteloua oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856;
see also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pl. 41.1890;
Britt. & Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1: 180. f. 412. 1896;
U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 : 222. f. 204. 1897 and
op. cit. 20: 106 f. 80. 1900.
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Bouteloua oligostachya intermedia Vasey, Grasses U.S. 33. 1883.
A name only.
No specimen so marked can be found in the National Herbarium.
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Bouteloua oligostachya? major Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. S. 62. 1885;
Dewey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 531. 1894;
Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 418. 1896.
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Bouteloua major Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14: 9. 1887.
Vasey publishes a name only and refers to specimens previously distributed under it.
He also states that this is a variety of B. oligostachya.
The type is a specimen cultivated from seed collected by Palmer
in Chihuahua, Mexico, in 1886.
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Bouteloua stricta Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 49. 1888.
A very brief description is given;
a fuller description is furnished later.
a
The type is C. G. Nealley, without number, western Texas, 1887.
The species commonly assumes in the southwest the form represented by Vasey’s type.
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Bouteloua oligostachya pallida Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 418.1896.
Pringle 407 is the duplicate type in the National Herbarium.
There appears to be no good reason for recognizing such a variety.
Pallid and dark-colored forms may be found in nearly all species of the genus.
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a This copy is now in the library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
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DESCRIPTION.
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A stout, erect, smooth, cespitose perennial, forming a rough sod in the north, but
usually in isolated tufts in the south and much larger and ranker in growth; culms
branched only at the very base if at all, sheaths loose, striate, smooth; ligule reduced
to a line with at most only a few scattered hairs; blades linear, rather abundant,
about 5 to 10 cm, long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, flat, minutely scabrous-margined; spikes
normally 2, often 1 or 3 or 4, seldom 5 or 6, very variable in length, commonly above
3 cm.,b more or less recurved in age with no projecting sterile rachis; spikelets
pectinate, on short, minutely pubescent pedicels, numerous, often as many as 80,
consisting of a fertile flower and a rudiment; glumes lanceolate, short-awned, keeled,
minutely scabrous, the lower 3 to 3.5 mm. long, the upper 5 to 6 mm. long; lemma
about 6 mm. long, pubescent, 3-awned, the central awn slightly longer, all hirsute;
palet about 5 mm. long, shortly 2-awned from the nerves, the latter slightly hirsute
above; rudiment consisting of 3 scabrous, nearly equal awns with 2 or 3 scales at their
bases all supported on a short stipe, 1 to 1.3 mm. long, hairy-tufted at base and apex;
caryopsis 2.5 to 3 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, concave on the dorsal and sharply convex
on the ventral surface, the scutellum covering over three-fourths of the ventral surface.
(Plate 72, A, B. Figure 35.)
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This is without doubt the most important economic species of the genus, extending
from Manitoba to South America. It is doubtfully reported from Tampa, Florida.
As would be expected from a plant of such wide range, it is extremely variable. The
above description is drawn in the main from my no. 6108 from the Sonoyta Valley of
Arizona, which is very different from the plains region form. The latter produces a
rough, rather bunchy sod and sends up but few culms, the abundant basal leaves
forming a curly covering close to the ground, the species on this account often being
confused in the popular mind with the buffalo grass (Bulbilis dactyloides). But in the
southern desert region where, along the Mexican border, it grows in abundance at an
altitude of about 5,000 feet it is usually in isolated large bunches. In favorable
situations in swales such as are found on the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains
of Arizona it assumes more nearly the appearance of the northern form so far as habit
is concerned (Pl. 72, B). In the South the plants usually grow much larger. It is
not at all uncommon to find plants there 60 or 70 cm. high, while upon the prairies
of the Dakotas the species seldom grows over half as high.
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The difference in habit has been assumed by some to indicate a different species,
but after studying the species from North Dakota to Oaxaca and cultivating it several
times I am not able to take this view. It must be considered that the prairie form of
the Dakotas and Montana occurs not only upon the cold, high prairies of the north,
but upon the high tableland of northeastern New Mexico (Pl. 72, A), upon the San
Francisco highland of northern Arizona, upon the Santa Rita highland of southern
Arizona, and in many isolated localities in highland Mexico. This low turf-forming
form passes by imperceptible gradations into the tall, robust, strictly bunchy form
represented best by the type of B. stricta.
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Again, when the northern turf-forming and the southern bunched form are grown
together their habits are more alike. Both will form a turf under proper moisture
conditions, and both when cultivated become tall and rank, similar to B. stricta
(Pl. 69, B).
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In the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture this species
is usually referred to as “blue grama.” The Spaniards of our southwest as well as of
Mexico refer to it simply as “grama,” which they do not distinguish from similar
species.
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One of the most valuable characteristics of this species, as well as of some others of
the genus, is the short period of development. It is a 60 to 80 day grass. Upon the
Dakota prairies it produces fresh feed in late May and matures during the drought
of August. In southern Arizona and the highlands of Mexico it starts to grow about
the middle of July and matures with the close of the rainy and cooler season of late
September and early October. It grows in regions where it is cured by drought
and not by frosts, the effect being a dead herbage which retains much of its nutriment,
making good dry grazing during the winter season, the value of the grass being
proportionate to the dryness of the season. A rain after it has cured much reduces its
value.
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Shear’s no. 813, Knowlton 140 and 141, Rydberg 3429, Williams 2143, Nelson 8307,
Merrill & Wilcox 447, Ward 47, and Griffiths 40 are typical of the prairie and northern
Rocky Mountain region. In unsodded regions from Colorado southward except at
higher elevations, it assumes more of the characters exhibited by specimens collected
by Wilcox at Fort Huachuca, in 1884, Mearns 2301, Metcalfe 698, Pringle 407, and
Townsend & Baker 257. Parish Brothers 1528, Herb. Colo. State Agr. College 3534
(distributed by N. Y. Bot. Gard.), Skehan 64, and Nealley from Texas, in 1887, are
mostly 1-spiked forms, and such forms occur throughout the range of the species,
They are to be looked upon as dwarfs. They appear to be very common in the lower
Sierras in California, at least they have been collected there a number of times.
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There is a very peculiar form of the species in the extreme western portion of northern
Texas. It differs from the common form mainly in its hairiness, but it occurs in
perfectly circumscribed patches among the other form and can be readily distinguished
at some distance. It has been seen twice north of Texline, but has never been
collected and has not been detected in any of the collections examined. So far as
hairiness is concerned, however, it is almost perfectly matched by a collection by
Lindheimer (Herb. Texicana Exsic. no, 731) in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical
Garden. This, however, is the large, robust, southern form which differs in general
appearance from the inhabitant of the plains.
|
|
Fic. 35.—Bouteloua gracilis. a, Spikelet; b,c,lemmaand palet of first floret; d, e, rudiments of second
and third florets. a, Scale 7.5; b-e, scale 15. From type specimen of B. stricta.
|
|
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 72.—A. A growth of Bouteloua gracilis under plains conditions In northeastern
New Mexico. For several years this locality has been grazed during the winter monthsonly. B. A
turf of Bouteloua gracilis at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Compare with figure A.
This species does
not form a turf thus far south, except at a considerable altitude and under favorable soil and moisture
conditions.
|
aU.8. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pl. 45. 1890.
bOne specimen without data from Thurber’s herbarium
in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.
has spikes 9 cm. long.
|
Note: The list of herbarium specimens examined has been excluded because of its size.
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Bouteloua simplex;
|
Bouteloua simplex Lag.
| |
Literature Cited:
- La Gasca, Don Mariano, 1805.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Bouteloua, La Gasca, 1805;
|
Lagasca (1805, p. 141) published the name of Bouteloua simplex for our little annual grass.
Nee collected in Mexico, Peru and the Philipines.
Griffiths states that his collection of B. simplex was made in Peru.
|
4. BOT, simplex, culmo simplici, erectus-cula, monostachio :
spica terminali, oblonga, glaberrima.
|
4. Bouteloua simplex, simple culm, erect-branched, single-spike :
terminal spike, oblong, very glabrous
|
p. 141
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bromus briziformis;
|
Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C. A. Mey. “Rattlesnake Brome”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bromus lanatipes;
|
Bromus lanatipes (Shear) Rydb. “Wooly Brome”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Bromus polyanthus;
|
Bromus polyanthus Scribn. ex Shear. “Great Basin Brome”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Shear, Cornelius L., 1900.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
carinate;
• WY Highway 70:
near Battle Lake;
Locations:
Battle Lake.
Sierra Madre.
|
Shear. 1900. A revision of the North American Species of Bromus Occurrung North of Mexico
|
32. BROMUS POLYANTHUS
Scribn. nom. nov.
Bromus multiflorus Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bul. 13: 46. 1898. Not Weig. 1772, et al.
(Fig. 34.)
|
|
A rather stout, erect, short-lived
perennial. Culm smooth or
puberulent at the nodes,
mostly 6-10 dm. high. Sheaths
typically smooth, rarely sparsely
pilose; ligule about 2 mm.
long, rounded, subentire;
blades linear-lanceolate, mostly
scabrous, especially above.
Panicle elongate, erect, branches
usually short and erect or
slightly spreading. Spikelets
mostly 3-3.5 cm. long,
laterally compressed, carinate,
rather densely 7-11 flowered;
empty glumes broad, smooth
or somewhat scabrous, the lower
3-nerved, rather obtuse or
subacute, 6-8 mm. long, the
upper 5-7 nerved, most obtuse,
9-11 mm. long; flowering
glume 7 nerved, 13-15
mm. long, smooth, or scabrous,
rather obtuse, emarginate
with a broad, hyaline margin;
awn 4-6 mm. long; palea
a little shorter than its glume.
|
|
Type No. 4024, collected by Aven Nelson at Battle Lake, Sierra Madre Mountains,
Wyoming.
|
|
General distribution: Colorado and Utah north to Montana and Oregon.
|
|
Specimens examined. —
Colorado:
Glenwood Springs (Shear & Bessey 1300) ;
Buffalo Pass (Shear & Bessey 1434, 1474, 1484);
Yampa (Shear & Bessey 1421);
Red Dirt Divide, Routt County (Shear & Bessey 1347, 1362, 1385) ;
near Pallas (Shear & Bessey 1411);
Middle Park (G. Vasey) ; R
obinson (C.L. Shear 1045);
Rabbit Ears Pass(C. F. Baker 4).
Utah:
Logan (P. A. Rydberg 2347) ;
Alta (M. E.Jones 1111) ;
Fairview (M. E. Jones 5554m).
Idaho:
Beaver Canyon (C. L. Shear 596; P. A. Rydberg 2342);
Montpelier (T. A. Williams 2558).
Wyoming:
Bear Tooth Mountains (W. H. Forwood);
Bear Lodge Mountains (T. A. Williams 2619);
Jacksons Lake (W. H. Forwood);
Elk Mountain (A. Nelson 4098);
Buffalo Fork (F. Tweedy 65) ;
Rife's Ranch (A. Nelson 3759, 3827) ;
Seminole Mountains (A. Nelson 4921) ;
Sierra Madre Mountains (A. Nelson 4035).
Montana:
Lima (C. L. Shear 560½).
Oregon:
Powder River Mountains (C. V. Piper 2529).
|
|
The above species is very closely related to B. marginatus,
into which it passes and of
which it should perhaps be regarded as a variety.
It differs chiefly from the typical form of B. marginatus
in being smoother throughout.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
|
Accepted by Harrington (2nd ed., 1964), noting that it is in the B. carinatus complex with numerous intergrades. Distinguishing characters are lemmas glabrous and sheaths usually glabrous. Harrington includes B. marginatus in that complex. We now tend to treat B. marginatus as a variety of B. carinatus, at most.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Shaw, Robert B., 2008.
|
Not accepted for Colorado by Shaw (2008).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Not accepted for Colorado by Weber & Wittmann (2012).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wingate, Janet L., 2021.
|
Accepted by Wingate (2021), placed in section Ceratochloa.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2022.
|
Accepted by Ackerfield (2022) as B. polyanthus with a common name of “Colorado Brome” and without discussion of affinities.
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Bromus porteri;
|
Bromus porteri (J.M. Coult.) Nash “Nodding Brome”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John Merle, 1885.
|
|
1. B. Kalmii, Gray, var. Porteri. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth:
sheaths and leaves minutely scabrous : panicle 6 inches long, compound, branches
minutely downy ; spikelets an inch long, canescent with short oppressed silky
hairs, 7 to 9-flowered : outer glumes each 3-nerved, obtuse : flowering glume
7-nerved; its awn 1½ lines long. — Colorado, at Twin Lakes (Porter), Buffalo
Peaks, and Sierra Madre Range (Coulter).
|
Charles C. Parry made a collection in 1861 on upper Clear Creek.
Thomas C. Porter collected the type of B. porteri at Twin Lakes, Lake County on July 25, 1872 (PH8608, MO2699792).
John M. Coulter made an additional collection at Buffalo Peaks, July 23, 1873 (MO248035).
This collection has been designated an isosyntype.
There are several other collections in the 1872-1885 time frame, but none referencing “Sierra Madre” as a location.
The “Sierra Madre Range” may refer to the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Costilla County, Colorado,
rather than the current Sierra Madre Range in Routt County, Colorado and Carbon County, Wyoming.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nash, George V., 1895.
|
|
Bromus Porteri (Coulter).
|
|
Bromus Kalmii var. Porteri Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Region,
425. 1885.
|
|
Culms 1½°-3° tall, erect, simple, pubescent below the nodes.
Sheaths shorter than the internodes, glabrous or sometimes softly
pubescent; ligule ½'' long, truncate; leaves 1"-3"' wide, rough,
those of the culm 4'-9' long, the basal narrow and about one-half
of the length of the culm ; panicle 3'-6' in length, its branches
drooping and flexuous, at least when old, the nodes of the axis
pubescent; spikelets 5-10-flovvered, 9''-15'' long, on slender
flexuous pedicels; empty scales pubescent, the first narrower than
the second, both 3-nerved; flowering scales 5"-6" long, obtuse,
5-7 nerved, densely pubescent with long silky hairs; awn 1"-2"'
long.
|
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In dry soil, South Dakota to Montana, south to western Nebraska,
New Mexico and Arizona.
|
|
This plant is readily distinguished from B. Kalmii by its 3-nerved
second scale and longer flowering scales. In B. Kalmii
the second scale is 5-7-nerved and the flowering scale about 4"
long.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Calamovilfa longifolia;
|
Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. “Prairie Sandreed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Hooker,____, v. 2, p. 241
|
VI. Arundinaceae. Kth.
|
|
19. CALAMAGROSTIS. Adans.
|
|
5. C. longifolia ;
laevissima,foliis anguste linearibus longissime acuminatissimis, panicula erecta stricta subspicata,
glumae valvis inaequalibus perianthium acutum muticum superantibus,
villis perianthio brevioribus.
|
|
Hab. Saskatchawan. Drummond.
—
A species remarkable for the great length of its leaves,
exceeding the culm, tapering into a long, slender apex, and for the pale, very smooth, glossy flowers.
The base of the culm send out creeping shoots.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hackel, Eduard, 1890.
|
Hackel (1890) ... translated by F. Lamson-Scribner and Effie A. Southworth
|
138. (141) Ammophila Host.
(Psamma Beauv.)
Panicles usually narrow and spike-like.
Flowering glume and palea chartaceous, somewhat indurated, awnless;
spikelets comparatively large.
...
|
|
Obs.
—
Very nearly related to Ammophila are two N. American species,
Calamagrostis brevipilis Gray and C. longifolia Hook.,
with the loose panicle of Calamagrostis,
but the chartaceous flowering glumes of Ammophila,
distinct from both genera by the one-nerved flowering glumes ;
they may best be considered a separate genus,
Calamovilfa (Gray as a sect. of Calamagrostis).
(Hackel in MS.)
|
|
[138a. Calamovilfa.
Empty glumes unequal ;
flowering glumes one-nerved ;
rachilla not prolonged.
Species two, in N. America
(C. brevipilis of the Atlantic coast,
and C. longifolia of the western interior).
These species are referred to Ammophila in B. & H. Gen Pl., vol. III, p. 1153.]
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cenchrus longispinus;
|
Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. “Longspine Sandbur”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fernald, M. L., 1943.
|
|
The common northern Burgrass. — The common Burgrass
of open sands, from New Hampshire to Oregon, south to North
Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico, is
indigenous or spread from indigenous colonies through much of
this range but, singularly enough, it has always passed under
specific names which technically belong to other species. Long
identified as Cenchrus echinatus L., it was forced to resign that
name to the quite different tropical species. Similarly the name
C. tribuloides L. soon proved to belong to the very coarse tropical
and southern coastal species. Then C. carolinianus Walt., was
despairingly grasped, but Walter's type is unknown, our plant
is doubtfully in his territory, and Mrs. Chase, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. xxii. 76 (1920), believes that C. carolinianus might have
been C. incertus M. A. Curtis, which does grow in Walter's
country. In her monograph of the genus she merges our plant
with the Mexican C. pauciflorus Benth. and, until Dr. I. M.
Johnston, working upon his Mexican and southern Texan
material, segregated it off from the great bulk of specimens from
the northern and Rocky Mountain region of the United States,
it so rested. Dr. Johnston, not wishing to get involved with the
more northern and northeastern plant, called the matter to my
attention. There is no doubt that C. pauciflorus is the Mexican
(and Texan) species, Bentham having described it from Lower
California: "culmis suberectis, . . . Folia plerumque angustiora
[quam in C. echinata], spinis dorsalibus marginalibusque
validis basi dilatatis".
|
|
Cenchrus pauciflorus, then, is the Mexican and Texan species
with culms usually in erect or ascending tufts, the leaves 1.5-4
mm. broad, the summit of the sheath spreading as a chartaceous
flange; spikes 1-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; the stramineous
involucres 8-12 mm. broad (from tip to tip of mature spines), the
dorsal and lateral spines compressed and broad-based. The
characteristic fruit, from the type of C. pauciflorus, is shown by
Mrs. Chase, 1. c. fig. 17, p. 68.
|
|
Our plant, on the other hand, has more generally decumbent
or rooting culms, up to 8 dm. long and strongly geniculate;
leaves 3-8 mm. broad, the enlarged sheaths constricted at summit;
spike 1.5-8 cm. long and 1.3-2 cm. thick, the mature
stramineous to bronze or purplish burs 1-1.5 cm. in diameter,
with the coarse spines subulate-subterete. The bur is beautifully
shown, as that of C. pauciflorus, in Chase, 1. c. 69, fig. 18, and this
figure, instead of that of true C. pauciflorus, was copied in
Hitchcock, Man. fig. 1594. As compared with that of real C.
pauciflorus it is too large, with more numerous spines, the stronger
ones more slender and without deltoid and flattened bases.
|
|
So far as I can find the only available name for the northern
and transcontinental species is C. echinatus, forma longispinus
Hackel, based upon Connecticut material collected by Harger
and distributed by Kneucker (no. 426). As a diagnosis of a form
of C. echinatus, in the loose sense, Hackel's brief description was
sufficient. Treated as a species the plant demands a fuller
account. It is fortunate that Hackel has supplied the basonym
and type. Even so, I take no comfort in having even my name
intimately associated with a Cenchrus and the keen taxonomist
who called it to my attention would not care to have the species
named for him!
|
|
Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel), stat. nov. C. echinatus, forma
longispinus Hackel in Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. ix. 169
(1903). Planta annua ; culmis decumbentibus vel adscendentibus
ad 8 dm. longis geniculatis basi ramosis; foliis 3-8 mm. latis,
vaginis distentis apice constrictis; spicis maturis 1.5-8 cm.
longis 1.3-2 cm. crassis; involucris maturis stramineis vel aeneis
vel purpurascentibus hirsutis 1-1.5 cm. diametro, spinulis majoribus
tereti-subulatis. Type of C. echinatus, forma longispinus:
Oxford, Connecticut, E. B. Harger in Kneucker, Gram. Exsicc.
Lief. XV. no. 426.
|
|
In southeastern Virginia, fortunately, Cenchrus longispinus is
rare. Our only collections are the following. James City
County: sandy field about 5 miles west of Toano, R. W. Menzel,
no. 187. Southampton County: dry white sand of clearing in
oak and pine woods bordering Assamoosick Swamp, south of
Sebrell, no. 10,941; grassy roadside about 7 miles south of
Franklin, no. 7297 (misidentified as C. incertus).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Danthonia spicata;
|
Danthonia spicata (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. “Poverty Oatgrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Roemer, Johann Jacob, and Josef August Schultes, 1817-1830.
|
Roemer & Schultes (1817, v. 2, p. 690)
— essentially the 9th edition of Linnaeus Species Plantarum —
placed Avena spicata L. in Danthonia DC.
Thanks to P. de Beavois on p. 18 of the Preface to volume 1:
| Original Text
|
|
Illm. Palisot de Beauvois, experientissimum Botanicum, qui nec torridissimam Africam,
nec Americam borealem ignotam sibi esse voluit.
|
Publication of D. spicata from volume 2, page 690:
| Original Text
|
|
2 * D. spicata P. de Beauv.;
spicato paniculata, calyce flosculis sex longiore ,
corollae valvulâ exteriore apice aristatâ furcatâque.
Avena spicata Sp. Pl. p. 119. Willd. Spec. I. p. 453.
Avena glumosa, foliis subsetaceis collo vaginarum villoso ;
paniculâ parvâ subspicatâ pauciflorâ ;
calyce spiculam sexfloram superante,
valvâ florum exteriore ex apice bicorni aristatâ.
Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. I. p. 72.
Pers. Syn. I. p. 101.
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. I. p. 86.
|
|
„Gramen angustum; folia linearia;
spica composita e spiculiis 3-4, remotis erectis,
spiculae subpedunculatae, singulis calyx diphyllus sublatus aequalis ;
flosculi sex sessiles erecti, laciniae glumae corollinae exterioris setaceae,
arista articulata longotudine spiculae.
Facies Festucae decumbentis“ Linn.
Inflorescentiam re vera paniculam esse, nee spicam,
aristamque basi spiralem, monuit b. Michaux.
A nova Anglia ad Carolinam.
♃
|
|
Obs. An huc illa cum? allata Danth. spicaeformis,
quae et Avena spicaeformis audit? sed Danthoniam glumosam
sine dubio habet P. de Beauv.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Dichanthelium scribnerianum;
|
Dichanthelium scribnerianum (Nash) J. R. Thomas
Freckmann & Lelong (2002, v. 20, p. 170) ...
|
Dichanthelium oligosanthes subsp. scribnerianum (Nash) Freckmann & Lelong,
comb. & stat. nov. Basionym: Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot.
Club 22:421. 1895. Panicum oligosanthes var. scribnerianum (Nash) Fernald,
Rhodora 36:80. 1934. Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerinum (Nash)Gould,
Brittonia 26:60. 1974. TYPE: U.S.A. Pennsylvania. Wysox, Jul 1836, J. Carey s.n.
(Lectotype: GH [designated by Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 15:283. 1910]).
|
|
Panicum scoparium S. Watson in A. Gray, Man., ed. 6:632. 1890,
nec Lam. (1798),
nec Rudge (1805),
nec Elliott. (1816).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Digitaria sanguinalis;
|
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. “Red-hair Crab-grass”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Elymus albicans;
|
Elymus albicans (Scribn. & J.G.Sm.) Á.Löve. “Montana Wild Rye”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Elymus canadensis;
|
Elymus canadensis L. “Canadian Wildrye”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Elymus elymoides;
|
Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey “Squirreltail”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Graustein, Jeannette E., 1967.
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
Thomas Nuttall collected a grass on arid plains of the Missouri that he described as Ægilops hystrix (Nuttall, 1818, v. 1, p. 85).
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
117. ÆGILOPS. L.
|
|
|
Calix, lateral, 2-valved, mostly 3-flowered, valves coriaceous, broad, with many awns;
awns rigid and divergent.
Corolla 2 valved, outer valve terminated by 2 or three awns.
—
Flowers spiked, intermediate masculine;
lateral, hermaphrodite, sessile.
|
|
|
Small grasses, allied to Elymus, valves of the calix remarkably rigid and truncate,
deeply divided into many flat and long scabrous awns;
valves of the corolla also simularly divided and awned.
|
|
|
Species.
1. Æ. * Hystrix.
Spike squarrose, with very long recurved and divergent awns:
calix smooth, generally 4-parted to the base:
segments mostly bifid, unequally 2-awned;
spikelet about 4 flowered, the 2 masculine or neuter pedicellate, and intermediate;
dorsal valve of the corolla terminated by about 2 or 3 unequal awns.
|
|
|
Considerably allied to Elymus.
…
[Long description omitted.]
|
|
|
On the arid plains of the Missouri.
|
A search of SEINet for collections of Elymus elymoides in Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota,
showed that there are almost no collections of the grass in proximity to the Missouri River.
However, there are a few collections of the grass on or near the river from Fort Peck, Montana, and above,
or Glendive, Montana, on the Yellowstone River, and above.
Graustein (1967, p. 70) notes that Nuttall was very eager to reach the Rocky Mountains (the “Northern Andes” as Nuttall called them),
and that a trail that struck almost directly west to the Yellowstone River from Fort Mandan
doubtless enticed the naturalist.
However, we do not really know how far above Fort Mandan that Nuttall ventured.
|
|
Of this genus there are 2 species in the South of Europe,
one of them also common to Barbary,
and the other to Candia,
there are likewise 2 other species peculiar to those places.
|
|
The next genus that Nuttall described was Elymus.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, C. S., 1819.
- Shaw, Robert B., 2008.
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Rafinesque's (1819) description of Sitanion elymoides Raf. is not available on Biodoversity Heritage Library,
because Part 89 is missing.
However, that part is available on the HathiTrust Digital Library.
| Original Text
| Translation
|
|
PRODROME
|
PRODROMO
|
|
Des nouveaux Genres de Plantes observes in 1817 et 1818 dans l'interior des Etats-Unis d'Amerique;
|
New Genres of Plants Observed in 1817 and 1818 in the Interior of the United States of America
|
|
Par C. S. RAFINESQUE,
|
By C. S. RAFINESQUE
|
|
Professeur de Botanique et d'Histoire naturelle dans l' Universite de Lexington.
|
Professor of Botany and Natural History at Lexington University.
|
|
…
|
|
|
II. PARTIE. MONOCOTYLEES.
|
PART II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
|
|
…
|
|
|
32. SITANION. (Graminee.)
Fleurs polygames males en epi.
Involucre lateral pentaphylle, multiflore.
Glume univalve, convolutee, inegalement bifide et biaristee, contenant 4-5 fleurs, divisees en 2 spicules geminees.
Glumelle bivalve, valves inegales, l'exterieure tres-grande, convexe, trifide, 3-aristee;
ariste mediane tres-longue;
valve interieure concavem bifide, mutique.
3 etamines.
2 styles.
Fleur terminale communement male a 2 etamines et 2 setules ecailleuses.
—
Ce genre differe de l'Elymus par linvolucre 5-phylle, glume, glumelles, polygamie, etc.
Une espece, S. elymoides.
Chaume strie, scabre;
feuilles scabres, glauques;
epi droit, fleurs laches, involucres et aristes tres-longs, scabres, divariques;
glumes lisses, dos uninerve, glumelles scabres sur les bords.
—
Missouri.
|
32. SITANION. (Graminee.)
Polygamous flowers male in spike.
Lateral involucre pentaphyll, multiflora.
Glume univalve, convoluted, unevenly bifid and biaristous, containing 4-5 flowers, divided into 2 gemine spicules.
Bivalve umbilicus, valves unequal, outer very large, convex, trifid, 3-aristate;
very long median awn;
inner valve concavem bifid, mutic.
3 stamens.
2 styles.
Commonly male terminal flower with 2 stamens and 2 scaly setules.
—
This genus differs from Elymus by 5-phylinvolucre, glume, lemma, polygamy, etc.
One species, S. elymoides .
Thatch streak, scabrous;
leaves scabrous, glaucous;
spike straight, flowers loose, involucral and arist very long, scabrous, divaric;
glumes smooth, back uninerve, scabrous glumes on margins.
—
Missouri.
|
|
…
|
|
The next taxon Rafinesque described was Critesion Raf. a generic name still used as a segregate of Hordeum
by Weber & Wittmann (2012) and Shaw (2008).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Anonymous, n.d..
- Swezey, Goodwin D., 1891.
|
Swezey (1891) described Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey in his Nebraska Flowering Plants.
| Original Text
|
|
...
|
|
I have endeavored in every case to give a plant the oldest available specific name it has borne,
believing that this is the only rule which can lead ultimately to a settled nomenclature.
In some cases this may lead to less euphonius combinations as in the case of Elymus elymoides;
and here too these is more justification for the name E. Sitanion since this species constituted Rafinesque's entire genus Sitanion
when it bore the name S. elymoides.
Yet if it is an Elymus and it its original specific name was elymoides,
then it should, as it seems to me, bear the name Elymus elymoides, (Raf.), euphony or no euphony.
In this case and in that of Petalostemon compactus, (Sprengl.),
I have not been able to learn who, if any one, has used this conbination of generic and specific names before
and have accordingly left blank the name following the original author.
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Elymus elymoides, (Raf.) — — (E. Sitanion, Schultes.) Lewellen.
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So while Swezey did not know who first used Elymus elymoides, it turns out it was him!
An anonymous review says the following about this publication.
| Original Text
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Nebraska Flowering Plants.
Goodwin D. Swezey.
(Doane College, Natural History Studies No. 1,
Pamph. 8vo. pp. 16. Crete, 1891.
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This is a list of Nebraska localities for flowering plants in the
herbarium of Doane College, based mainly on collections made
by Prof. Swezey in a tour through the western part of the State,
and by some of his students; 553 species and varieties are enumerated,
of which 76 are here first definitely recorded as occurring
within the area. The nomenclature is based on the stability of
the oldest specific name, ‘believing that this is the only rule
which can lead ultimately to a settled nomenclature.’ Two
binomials are here first proposed:
Petalostemon compactus (Spreng.) (P. macrostachyus, Torr.)
and
Elymus elymoides (Raf.), (E. Sitanion, Schultes).
The original author is cited in parenthesis.
The list is an important supplement to Mr. Webber's Flora.
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N. L. B.
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I suspect that “N. L. B.” is Nathaniel Lord Britton.
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Literature Cited:
- Small, Jared G., 1899.
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Sitanion hystrix was published by Jared G. Small in a series of Studies on American Grasses
published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Small places all of Nuttall's Ægilops, excluding others of Linnaeus, in Sitanion,
and adds quite a few specific names one might recognize.
1. Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
2. Sitanion villosum J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
3. Sitanion multisetum J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
4. Sitanion polyantherix J. G. Smith, new name.
Polyantherix hystrix nees, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284 (1838), not Ægilops hystrix Nutt. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
etc.
Yikes!!! It's a mess.
(Sitanion hystrix J.G.Sm., Bull. Div. Agrostol. U.S.D.A. 18: 15, pl. 2 (1899). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35499501#page/366)
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Literature Cited:
- Bentham, George, and John Dalton Hooker, 1873.
- Hackel, Eduard, 1890.
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
- Small, Jared G., 1899.
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| Original Text
| Comments
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INTRODUCTION
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The text of the Introduction was written by Lamson-Scribner.
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...
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Nuttall,1 who first described the species of this genus,
referred it to the European Ægilops
and named his plant Ægilops hystrix
His description was carefully drawn up and his species can be readily recognized.
A year later, Rafinesque2 published his genus Sitanion,
based upon a single species, which he named Sitanion elymoides.
It has been found impossible to determine with certainty which of the species
enumerated in the present paper was the one named by Rafinesque;
it certainly was not, however, the grass described by Nuttall.
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Our leading authorities, Bentham and Hooker,3
Hackel,4 and Baillon,5
have all reduced Sitanion to a section of Elymus.
The articulate rachis, readily breaking up at maturity,
abd the usually bifid or many parted and awned empty glumes are well-defined characters,
distinguishing the wpecies from Elymus,
and justifying their separation as a distinct genus.
To be sure there are species so closely connecting Elymus
with Sitanion that it is difficult to determine to which genus they ought to be referred,
but the same is true in the case of Elymus and Agropyron;
there are intermediates which may with equal propriety be placed
either in the one genus or the other.
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1 Genera North American Plants, 1: 86. 1818
2 Journ. Phys., 89: 103. 1819.
3 Genera Plantarum 3: p. 1207.
4 Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2: part 2, p. 88.
5 Histoire des Plantes, Monographie des Graminées, 258.
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....
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
- Small, Jared G., 1899.
Other articles:
• Interstate 80:
at Wamsutter;
Locations:
La Veta.
Villa Grove.
Wamsutter.
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| Original Text
| Comments
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12. SITANION HYSTRIX (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, new combination.
(Ægilops hystrix Nutt. Gen. N. Am. Pl., 1: 86, 1818.) Pl. II.
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Culms 1 to 3 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, scabrous above, clothed at the base with papery leaf-sheaths.
Innovations very leafy, one third to two-thirds the length of the culms.
Sheaths striate, strigose-pubescent, open at the throat, closely envoloping the internodes.
Ligule almost obsolete.
Blades narrowly linear, flat ot at length involute, strigose-pubescent throughout,
prominently 9-nerved, scabrous along the margins, erect or ascending;
those of the innovations 7 to 12 cm. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide;
culm leaves about as long, 2 to 4 mm. wide.
Spike 5 to 7 cm. long, erect or subflexuous, exserted,
or its basal portion inclosed in the uppermost leaf-sheath, closely flowered.
Spikelets 3- to 4-flowered, complessed.
Empty glumes bifid, from bear the base and unequally 2-awned;
the strongly scabrous, glaucous, divergent awns, 3 to 4 cm. long.
Flowering glume 7 to 8 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent,
3-awned, the miffle awn rather slender, recurved, about 3 cm. long.
Palea as long as or longer than the flowering glume, scabrous, tipped with two slender awns, 2 to 3 mm. long.
Internodes of the rachis glaucous, linear, not at all dilated above, about 5 mm. long.
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A common, worthless bunch grass on shale hills and among the sagebrush on the high plains from western Colorado to eastern Washington.
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SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
Wyoming:
P. A. Rydberg, No. 2028, Wamsuter, July 24, 1895;
C. L. Shear, No. 280½, Wamsutter, June 24, 1895; No. 283, Green River, June 25, 1895;
Thomas A. Williams, No. 2437, dry rocky hillsides, Evanston, July 10, 1897; No. 2379, dry sagebrsh hills, Green River, July 9, 1897;
Aven Nelson, No. 3058, Green River Hills, May 31, 1897; No. 3669, Wamsutter, July 10, 1897; No. 3784, North Vermilion Creek, July 20, 1897.
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Washington:
C. V. Piper, No. 2579, on sagebrish land, Ellensburg, July 9, 1897.
A. B. Leckenby, Walla Walla, July 12, 1898.
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Colorado:
John Wolfe, No. 623, 1873;
C. Thomas, 1869; and
F. E. Clements, No. 60, Walsenburg, July 10, 1896.
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John Wolfe, No. 623, 1873.
NY1655258, Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.
Locality, Denver, Colorado. Gift from Wesleyan Univ. Deposited NY in 1981. See Brittonia 34(4). 1982.
NY1673562, Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.
Locality, Denver, Colorado.
YU111158. Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.
Locality, Denver, Colorado. Sheffield Scientific School. Daniel C. Eaton Collection.
C. Thomas, 1869, collection not found online.
F. E. Clements, No. 60, Walsenburg, July 10, 1896.This collection was not found online.
However, two other collections of the taxon were found collected later in the same year, one at La Vela (sic), Huerfano County,
and one at Villa Grove, Saguache County.
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There are in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science two of Nuttall's specimens of Sitanion.
One of these, labeled “Chretomeris trichoides, R. Mts. Platte,”
is exactly identical with No. 3784, A. Nelson, and No. 283, C. L. Shear.
both collected in the Red Desert of Wyoming.
The other, labeled “Elymus difformis, R. Mts. Platte,”
in nearly identical with No. 2028, Rydberg, from Wamsutter, Wyo.
If these specimens are those from which Nuttall's description of Ægilops hystrix was drawn.
and they agree better with his description than any specimen from the
“arid plains of the Missouri” so far examined,
then there was undoubtedly a mistake made in referrinf the habitat of this to that locality.
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I doubt that the two Nuttall specimens of Sitanion in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science are
the specimens from which Nuttall described Ægilops hystrix.
It has to do with timing.
The specimens location is “R. Mts. Platte”
Yet when Nuttall (1818) published Æ. hystrix he had not yet been to the Rocky Mountains along the Platte River.
The earliest specimens from that region would have been the Wyeth specimens from 1833, a date long after Nuttall published Æ. hystrix.
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I am assured by Dr. E. L. Greene that it is highly improbable that Rafinesque drew his
description of S. elymoides from Nuttall's plant, and it is certain that Rafinesque's
description (Journ. Phys. 89: 1819) differs in important particulars from
that of Ægilops hystrix, Nuttall.
I am, however, unable definitely to identify any Sitanion
with which I am familiar as the true S. elymoides, Raf.
The locality, “Missouri,” of 1819,
was then applied to what now constitutes several large States
in which a dozen of more separate species occur.
Rafinesque apparently left no type,
and the original description is too fragmentary to enable one to
more than guess at the identity of the plant which he described.
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1964, 2nd ed..
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Harrington (1964, 2ed.) treated this grass as Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith
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Literature Cited:
- Wingate, Janet L., 1994.
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Wingate (1994) does not accept infraspecific names in E. elymoides.
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Literature Cited:
- Shaw, Robert B., 2008.
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Shaw (2008) accepts subsp. brevifolius and therefore subsp. elymoides.
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Literature Cited:
- Mason-Gamer, Roberta J., Melissa M. Burns, and Marianna Naum, 2010.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
allotetraploid;
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Mason-Gamer, et al. (2010) …
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Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
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Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not accept infraspecific names in E. elymoides.
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Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
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Ackerfield (2015) does not accept infraspecific names in E. elymoides.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Elymus glaucus;
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Elymus glaucus Buckley. “Blue Wild Rye”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Elymus trachycaulus;
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Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners. “Slender Wheatgrass”
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Literature Cited:
- Link, Heinrich Friedrich, 1827-1833.
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Link (1833, v. 2., p. 189) published Triticum trachycaulum
grown at the Berlin garden from seeds sent by Dr. Richardson.
Richardson is mentioned several times as having send seeds to Link,
and Link named one species after him, Stipa richardson (=Achnatherum richardsonii)
| Original Text
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28. Tr. trachycaulum. * Folia plana rigidiuscula
striata scaberrima. Spica longiuscula , spiculae
5—7 florae. Valvae septemnerviae acutatae. Valvula
ext. aristato-acutata. — Semina ex itinere in Americam
borealem occidentalem attulit clar. Dr. Richardson
nobisque dedit. ♃. T. Gramen ad 4 pedes in
Horto allum. Caulis superne pilis brevibus rigidis
asperrimus. Vaginae scabrae striatae, ligula vix ulla
sed auricula ad oram vaginae; lamina ped. circiter
longa sulcata asperrima 3 lin. lata. Spica ad ped.
longa ; spiculae 8 liu. longae ; valvae valvulis parum
breviores, valvulae exter. laeves superne in nervis
aristaque asperne, arista lin. longa.
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Literature Cited:
- Shinners, Lloyd H., 1954.
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Shinners (1954, p. 28) published Elymus trachycaulus
either from a manuscript by Gould,
or knowing Gould was intending to publish it.
| Original Text
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Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould, ined.
Triticum trachycaulum Link, Enum. Pl. Hort. Reg. Berol. Altera 2: 189. 1833.
Elymus pauciflorus (Schweinitz) Gould, 1947; not Lamarck, 1791.
Known in Texas from the Panhandle.
The orthography follows that of Link,
using second declension endings instead of the more usual third declension form — caulis.
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Frank W.Gould (1913-1981) was an American agrostologist
who earned his PhD from University of California at Berkeley,
and served most of his career at the S. M. Tracy Herbarium
at Texas A & M University.
He was the author of 80 definitive treatments on grasses, four grass manuals, and the well known textbook Grass Systematics.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Elymus virginicus L.;
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Elymus virginicus L. “Virginia Wildrye”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eragrostis cilianensis;
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Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. “Stinkgrass”
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First published as Poa cilianensis by Allioni (1785). The description is in Latin, and the illustration is not particularly informative.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eragrostis pectinacea;
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Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees ex Steud. “Tufted Lovegrass”
There is disagreement whether to list authorship of this name as “(Michx.) Nees ex Steud.” or simply as “(Michx.) Nees.”
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Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
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Michaux (1803) published the grass as Poa pectinacea as found in fields of Illinois.
It might be interesting to determine the relationship between the Illinois of today,
and the Illinois of Michaux's time.
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Literature Cited:
- Nees von Esenbeck, Christia Gottfried Daniel, 1841.
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It appears to me that Nees (1841, p. 374) in his
Flora of Southern Africa mentions a new name in passing
wondering whether his Eragrostis homomalla N. ab E.
could be distinguished from E. pectinaceam Michx.
In the process Nees assumed that Michaux's Poa pectinaceum
was in fact Eragrostis pectinacea.
| Original Text
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...
Differt ab omnibus cognitis huius affinitatis ramis paniculae
alterius lateris patentibus quin etiam refractis,
alterius contra erectis aut adpressis,
quo charactere accedente facilius iam distinguitur as Er. pectinacea Michx.,
veree distincta specie, neque cum Er. pilosa coniungenda,
cui ramuli paniculae rigidiores quidem sunt,
at vero longius a basi divisi,
et axillae praeterea pilosi.
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Adnot.
An huius loci Er. verticillata Link. Hort. Ber. I. p. 189. (excl. syn.)
an potius ad Er. pectinaceam spectans ?
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This is a long way from validly publishing a name,
at least according to current standards,
yet some authorities give Nees authorship.
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Literature Cited:
- Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1855.
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The first time Eragrostis pectinacea appears in print
as a nominated name was in Steudel (1855, v. 1, p. 272) in the
group of north American species (Species Americae septentrionalis.)
| Original Text
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132. E. PECTINACEA. Michx.
(Fl. Am. I. 69. sub: Poa.)
... [Latin diagnosis omitted] ...
P. pilosa Muhlbrg.
[Circle with dot – probably means plant is an annual.]
Am. sptr.
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Steudel does in a way acknowledge Michaux's basionym of Poa pectinacea.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriocoma;
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Eriocoma Nutt. in the Golden s.l. Flora
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 40) …
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63. * ERlOCOMA.† (Silk-grass.)
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Calix 2-valved, 1 -flowered; valves gibbous
and coarctate above, longer than the corolla,
both 3-nerved and cuspidate.
Corolla 2-valved,
roundish; valves coriaceous, vested with a silky
wool, the outer valve terminated by a short
triquetrous deciduous awn.
Anthers bearded.
Seed large, somewhat spherical.
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Flowers dichotomously paniculate, peduncles flexuose,
capillary, and clavulate. Leaves very long, involute and
subulate, nodes of the culm distant, entirely sheathed.
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† From εξιον, wool,
and χομη, a head of hair.
A grass producing a fastigiate tuft of silky hair upon the glume of the corolla.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriocoma hymenoides;
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Eriocoma hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Rydb. “Indian Rice Grass”
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Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
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Pursh (1814, v. 2, sup., p. 728) was the first to publish a name, using Stipa membranacea stating that he saw the grass in Bradbury's herbarium. However, that name was illegitimate because it was previously used by Linnaeus (1753) for a grass growing in “Hifpania” (Spain).
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Literature Cited:
- Roemer, Johann Jacob, and Josef August Schultes, 1817-1830.
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Roemer & Schultes (1817, vol. 2, p. 339) published the first valid name
for this grass.
Their description is identical to that of Pursh (1814),
so I think it is safe to assume that the type of Bradbury was used.
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
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29. S. hymenoides ;
foliis convoluto-filiformibus glabris, paniculâ laxâ, pedicellis flexuosis,
calycibus membranaceis trivervibus longe acuminatis,
corollis calyce brevioribus sericeo-villosis,
villis corollam superantibus,
aristâ nudâ rectâ calyce paulo longiore.
S. membranacea Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. II p. 728.
| 29. S(tipa) hymenoides, the leaves twisted-filiform, glabrous, the panicle loose,
the pedicels flexuouse, calyx 3-nerved gradually acuminate, membranous, corolla shorter than calyx sericeous-villous,
awn nude [glabrous?] straight, slightly longer than calyx.
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Altitudo 18 pollicum: spicae ovales, pilis longis sericeis tectae.
Ad littora fluvii Missouri.
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About 18 inches tall; heads ovate, long silky hairs when young.
On the shores of the Missouri river.
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
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Nuttall (1818, p. 40) published a new genus Eriocoma and, apparently not aware of Roemer & Schultes (1817), above,
published a valid name for Pursh's Stipa membranacea.
This, if course, was s superfluous name.
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
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63. * ERIOCOMA. † (Silk-grass.)
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Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered;
valves gibbous and coarctate above, longer than the corolla,
both 3-nerved and cuspidate.
Corolla 2-valved, roundish;
valves coriaceous, vested with a silky wool,
the outer valve terminated by a short triquetrous deciduous awn.
Anthers bearded.
Seed large, somewhat spherical.
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triquetrous = having three corners or salient angles or edges specifically
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Flowers dichotomously paniculate, peduncles flexuose,
capillary, and clavulate.
Leaves very long, involute and subulate, nodes of the culm distant,
entirely sheathed.
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Stipa membranacea. Pursh, vol. ii. In Supplement. P. 729
| nom. Illeg.
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1. Cuspidata, C.
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Description.
Root perennial; culm 2 to 3 feet high,
simple;
panicle spreading, dichotomous, flowers by pairs,
peduncles capillary flexuosa, clavulate at the summit.
Leaves very long, filiform and convolute,
a little asperate on the margin, (often more than a foot in length);
vagina half a foot,
entirely sheathing the stem and the panicle before evolution;
ligula entire, conspicuous.
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves membranaceous,
about twice the lendth of the corolla, ventricose and gibbous,
above the corolla contracted;
both 3-nerves, the lateral nerves only about one third the length of the glume,
the central nerve ending in a cusp or short awn margined by the glume at its base,
nerves a little pubescent.
Corolla 2-valved, short, nearly oval, in fruit almost spherical,
valves coriaceous, vested with an exserted silky villus,
extending beyond the corolla,
the dorsal valve terminated by a triquetrous pungent deciduous awn scarcely the length of the calix,
at first perfectly erect, afterwards a little bent;
Stamina 3, scarcely exserted beyond the valves of the corolla;
anthers small, brown, bifid at both extremities,
above terminated by small pubescent tufts.
Style 1.
Stigmas 2, short, hirsutely villous.
Ovarium sheathed by a 3-leaved perisporium(or nectary).
Seed nearly spherical.
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This genus is very nearly allied to Oryzopsis,
but at the same time sufficiently distinct both in habit and character;
having a culm with remarkable long sheathing and almost filiform subulate leaves,
a dichotomous spreading panicle, a ventricose, coarctate,
awned calix twice the length of the corolla,
which last is furnished with a deciduous awn,
and a long silky villus.
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Habitat.
On the grassy plains of the Missouri,
from the Arikaree village to the Northern Andes?
Flowers in June and July.
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† From εξιον, wool,
and χομη, a head of hair.
A grass producing a fastigiate tuft of silky hair,
upon the glume of the corolla.
| I may not have the Greek characters correct, some of them were very hard to see in the BHL image.
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Literature Cited:
- Piper, Charles V., 1906.
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Frederick V. Coville, writing in the Preface to Piper (1906) Flora of the State of Washington
states Piper's obligation
“ ... to Mr. P L. Ricker and Mr. W. F. Wight, of the Department of Agriculture,
for assistance in bibliography; ...”
Piper (1906, v. 11, p. 109) published Oryzopsis hymenoides crediting Ricker as the author.
[Ricker, Percy Leroy (1878-1973)]
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4. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker.
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Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult. Syst. 2: 339. 1817.
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Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt. Gen. 1: 40. 1818.
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Stipa membranacea Pursh, Fl. 2: 728. 1814, not L. 1753.
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Oryzopsis membranacea Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 12: pl. 10. 1891.
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Eriocoma membranacea Beal, Grasses N. Am. 2: 232. 1896.
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Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth; Vasey, U.S. Dept. Agr. Spec. Rep. 63: 23. 1883.
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Type Locauity: “On the banks of the Missouri.”
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Rance: British Columbia to California, east to Alberta and New Mexico.
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SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
Douglas County, Spillman, May, 1896;
Sandberg & Leiberg, 281;
Ellensburg, Piper, May, 1897;
North Yakima, Henderson, May, 1892;
Mrs. Steinweg in 1894;
Pasco, Piper 2964; Hindshaw 33;
Sunnyside, Cotton 416;
Rattlesnake Mountains, Cotton 421;
Walla Walla, Lyall, June, 1860;
Sprague, Sandberg & Leiberg, June, 1893;
Kittitas County, Vasey 85;
Wallula, Cotton 1030, 1048.
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ZONAL DISTRIBUTION: Upper Sonoran.
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Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1912.
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Rydberg (1912, p. 102) formed the new combination of
Eriocoma hymenoides (R. & S.) Rydb., as strictly a
nomenclatural correction.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Barkworth, Mary E., 1993.
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Barkworth (1993) … based on morphological and anatomical evidence.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Peterson, Paul M., Konstantin Romaschenko, Robert J. Soreng, and Jesus Valdés Reyna, 2019.
|
Peterson, et al., 2019, reorganized a lot of Stipeae, but primarily broke up Achnatherum, placing the New World members in Eriocoma, and retaining Achnatherum as a strictly Euraisian genus.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriocoma robusta;
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Eriocoma robustum (Vasey) Romasch. “Sleepygrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John M., 1890.
Locations:
Chinati Mountains.
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John Coulter (1890, p. 56) first published robusta as a variety of
Stipa viridula (=Nassella viridula).
Coulter gave Vasey authorship of the name, though it does not appear Vasey ever published it himself.
Vasey could have identified the grass and written the manuscript from which Coulter published the name.
However, in that case, one would expect the author to be “Vasey ex Coulter.”
| Original Text
|
|
714. Stipa viridula Trin., var. robusta Vasey, n. var.
Culms densesly tufted, 12 to 18dm high, stout, leafy :
lower sheaths loose and broad, longer than the internodes;
blades flat and wide or involute above, often 6dm long, scabrous:
panicle dense and large, erect, 25 to 40cm long:
empty glumes 10mm long,
three to five nerved, callus short, densely hairy.
—
Chenate Mountains (Presidio county).
Ranges from Colorado to Mexico.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Peterson, Paul M., Konstantin Romaschenko, Robert J. Soreng, and Jesus Valdés Reyna, 2019.
|
The new combination of Eriocoma robusta (Vasey) Romasch. was published in Peterson, et al. (2019)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriocoma scribneri;
|
Eriocoma scribneri (Vasey) Romasch. “Scribner Needle Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Vasey, George, 1884.
Locations:
Santa Fe.
|
George Vasey (1884, p. 125) described Scribner Needle Grass from a collection made near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
He doesn't say who made the collection or when.
However, there are two vouchers in SEINet with type-status; one with an image at NY and labeled a co-type, and a record at MO labeled an isotype.
| Original Text
|
|
New Grasses.
|
|
By George Vasey
|
|
Stipa Scribneri.
—
Culms 2-3 ft. high, stout, erect;
lower leaves half as long as the culm, smooth, flat below,
becoming involute at the long acuminate point;
upper sheath enclosing the base of the panicle,
which is narrow, erect, and 6-8 inches long,
the branches in twos or threes and appressed;
outer glumes unequal, lower one 6-7 lines,
upper about 5 lines long, both 3-nerved, acuminate;
flowering glume 3-5 lines long, hairy, hairs longer above,
and at the apex forming a white crown a line or more long;
awn rather slender, 8-9 lines long, not hairy;
stipe short, very acute, pubescent;
palet less than a line long, obtuse and adherent to the grain.
|
|
Differs from S. viridula particularly in the unequal glumes,
the hairy crowned flowering-glumes, the more slender awn,
and the very short palet.
|
|
Collected on dry hill-sides at Sante Fe, New Mexico.
|
At the time Vasey (1884) named the grass for him, Frank Scribner was the botanist for the Northern Transcontinental Survey.
In May 1885 he was appointed an assistant in the USDA Division of Botany, and in 1894 became the leader of the new
USDA Division of Agrostology.
| |
|
The new combination of Eriocoma scribneri (Vasey) Romasch. was published in Peterson, et al. (2019)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Festuca ovina;
|
Festuca ovina L.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Glyceria striata;
|
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. “Striate Manna Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pirre Antoine de Monet de, 1791.
|
Lamarck (1791, 1(1), p. 183) published Poa striata from grasses
collected in Virginia and Carolina.
| Original Text
|
|
984. POA ftriata.
|
|
P. panicula diffufa capillari,
fpiculis glabris fubquinqueflorus,
corollis exquifite ftriatis.
|
|
E Virginia, Carol. Cal. brevis. F. glabra
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, Albert Spear, 1928.
|
Hitchcock (1928, p. 157) published Glyseria striata
without explanation or comment.
| Original Text
|
|
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc.
|
Poa striata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1:183. 1791.
Poa nervata Willd. Sp. Pl. 1:389. 1797.
Glyceria nervata Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Math. Phys. Nat. 1:365. 1830.
Panicularia nervata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 1:783. 1891.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hesperostipa comata;
|
Hesperostipa comata (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth. “Needle and Thread”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
|
Credit probably goes to Andre Michaux (1803) for first recognizing H. comata who noted the grass
lives “ … in the rocky mountains from the Hudson to Canada.”
Unfortunately, Michaux applied Stipa juncea to this grass, a name that Linnaeus had already applied to a grass occurring in Switzerland and France.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814) also applied S. juncea to a Lewis & Clark collection made July 8, 1806, made “ … Valleys of the Missouri in the Rocky Mountains.”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818) also applied S. juncea to his collections on the grassy plains of the Missouri.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Trinius, Carl Bernhard, and F. J. Ruprecht, 1842.
|
Trinius and Ruprecht (1842, p. 45) ...
| Original Text
|
|
51. Stipa comata n.
Paniculae pl. min. implexo-contractae radiis subternis,
aliis fere a basi — , aliis superius floriferis; glumis subulatis,
subaequalibus, valvula inferiore 5 lineali undique brevepilosa
subduplo longioribus; arista subpersistente, torlili, plicata et varie
inflexa, subsexpollicari; anthcris barbatis.
|
|
Stipa juncea Nuttall (non L.) Gener. 1. (1818) p. 58? ad ripas
Missouri et in Virginia abundans itinerantibus molestissima.
«Arista laevis, gracilis, vix contorta, semipedalis. »
|
|
Stipa capillata Hooker! Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. (1840) p. 237.
|
|
Carlton House Fort ad fl. Saskatchawan (Drumond) ; ad ripas et in
planitie fl. Columbia prope «Missouri Portage» (Douglas).
|
|
Simillima Stipae capillatae, sed flosculo undique et ad apicem usque
barbatulo, setulis aristarum hinc inde longioribus, denique antheris
distincte barbatis diversa. Reliqua ut in St. capillata; specimen
suppetens pedale.
|
Stipa juncea Nuttall (1818),
which he described as a variety of Stipa juncea L., is an illegitimate name.
The name was unavailable,
having been previously used by Linnaeus for a grass found in
Switzerland and France.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Barkworth, Mary E., 1993.
|
Barkworth (1993) described Hesperostipa as a North American endemic that is distinct from the Eurasian Stipa s. s.
and more closely allied to the South American genera of Piptochaetium and Nassella.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hordeum brachyantherum;
|
Hordeum brachyantherum Nevski. “Meadow Barley”
The name was published in 1936 in Sergei Nevski, a Russian botanist who worked at the Main Botanical Garden in Leningrad.
Most collections before that time were originally determined Hordeum nodosum L.
Most plants are tetraploid, though there is a diploid in California.
A hexaploid has also been found.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hordeum jubatum;
|
Hordeum jubatum L. “Foxtail Barley”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Hordeum pusillum;
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 87) ...
| Nuttall's Text
| My interpretation
|
|
119. HORDEUM. L. (Barley)
|
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|
Calyces lateral, 2-valved, mostly 1-flowered, aggregted by threes,
so as to resemble a setaceous 6-leaved involucrum;
the central flower sessile, the lateral ones stipitate, usually sterile.
Corolla 2-valved, acute; exterior valve awned.
|
|
|
Very nearly allied both by habit and character to the preceding genus.
Flowers spiked, imbricated mostly in 2 rows;
calycine involucrum setaceous, 6 leaved, division approaching by pairs.
In the H. hexastichon, the flowers are imbricated in 6 ranks,
because all the flowers are hermaphrodite;
probably a mere effect of cultivation.
|
[The preceding genus was Elymus – Ed.]
|
|
Species.
1. H. vulgare. Cultivated …
2. * pusillum
Lateral masculine or nertral flowers awnless, acute;
four internal calicina glumes, coriaceous and dilated, those of the hermaphrodite sublanceolate;
internal valve of the lateral masculine flower, subsemi-ovate.
|
[The description of H. vulgare is skipped. – Ed.]
|
|
Culm 4 to 6 inches, decumbent, or somewhat genoculate at the base.
Leaves rather glaucous, a little pubescent on the under surface, striate,
about one and a half inches long, and almost obtuse;
uppermost sheath tumid and very smooth, embracing the spike.
Spike linear; about one and a half inches long.
Glumes by threes, distichally imbricated.
Lateral imperfect flowers awnless, acute;
central sessile flower awned, the awn almost exactly the length of that of the subtending calix;
awns scabrous.
Calix smooth, nerveless, exterior valve in the outer flowers setaceous from its base,
the inner valves obliguely dilated, and rigidly coriaceous, all awned,
the inner divisions of the lateral flowers, appearing nearly semi-ovate,
the central ones sublanceolate.
Corolla nerveless, the inner valve furnished with a short awn, arising from its base.
Nearly allied, apparently, the the H. maritimum.
|
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|
On the arid and saline plains of the Missouri.
|
|
|
3. jubatum.
On the calcareous islands of Lake Huron and Michigan,
also on the banks of the Missouri.
|
|
|
The genus Hordeum exists chiefly in Europe,
extending into Northern Africa, and Tartary in Asia.
The 2 species above described are natives of North America,
and the F. jubatum is also common to Smyrna.
|
[One would assume that Nuttall was referring to Smyrna in what we now call Turkey.
However, there are towns named Smyrna in Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Delaware, Michigan, and Maine,
and Nuttall may have been in or near some of those towns in his travels. – Ed.]
|
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|
Koeleria Pers. “Junegrass”
Koeleria is a common and widespread genus of plants in the grass family, found on all continents except Antarctica and on various oceanic islands. It includes species known generally as Junegrasses. The genus was named after German botanist Georg Ludwig Koeler (1765–1807).
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Koeleria macrantha;
|
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. “Prairie Junegrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ledebour, Carl (Karl) Friedrich von, 1812.
|
Ledebour (1812, p. 515) published the basionym of our grass,
Aira macrantha Ledeb. as one among
“Sixty New Plants Indigenous in Imperial Russia.”
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
2. Aira macrantha.
|
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|
A. panicula oblonga subspicata interrupta mutica,
glumis acuminatis, flosculis calycem excedentibus,
foliis brevissimis glabiis, ligula elongata bilida
margine lacera.
|
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Culmi caespitosi , sesquipalmares , florentes ultra medium
aphylli.
|
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Folia brevissima (vix unciam longa) , lanceolata , plana,
glabra.
|
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Ligula elongata, ultra mediam bifida, margine lacera.
|
|
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Panicula subspicata, oblonga, interrupta, rhachis scabra,
trîangularis; rami brevissimi, tri - vel quadriflori.
|
|
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Spiculae ovatae, biflorae.
|
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Flosculi calycem excedentes ; glumae omnes acnminatae,
compressae, ad carinam serrtilato - scabrae.
|
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Hab. in jugo montium Jablonnoi - Chrebet. ♃
|
Yablonovyy Khrebet, 350-600 km. east of and roughly
paralleling Lake Baikal, north of Mongolia.
|
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Obs. Differt haec ab A. cristata folîis omnibus latioribus
glabris, ligula elongata ; ab A. glauca flosculis
calycem excedentibus ; ab utraque autem caule
humiliori a floribus majoribus diversa.
|
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Leymus triticoides;
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Leymus triticoides (Buckley) Pilger. “Beardless Wildrye”
| |
|
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. “Tall Fescue”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gmelin, Johan Georg, 1747-1769.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gmelin, Johan Georg, 1747-1769.
- Scheuzer, Johann Jacob, 1719.
- Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von, 1771.
|
There seems to be general agreement (by extensive Google search) that what is called “Tall Fescue” is the grass known by its basionym of Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
| Original Text | Interpretation and Comments
|
|---|
|
1000. FESTVCA (arundinacea) panicula ſpicata ſtricta,
ſpiculis oblongis erectis paucifloris, ariſtatis,
calycibus anguſtatis.
Gmel. Sibir. 1. p. 111.
|
1000.
Festuca arundinacea panicle spike strict, spikes oblong erect awn, calyx angular.
Gmelin, Flora Sibirica sive Historia Plantarum Siberiae. 1. p. 111.
|
|
Gramen arundinaceum, locuſtis viridi-ſpadiceis loliaceis brevius ariſtatis.
Scheuchz. Agr. p. 266. t. 5. f. 18.
| Grass reed-like, …
Scheuzer, Agrostographia sive Graminum, … p. 266. t. 5. f. 18.
|
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In prato acclivi hinter dem Biniz, loco humido.
|
In the steep field beyond the Biniz [East Germany], in a damp location.
|
- “arundinacea” would mean cane-like from arundo (“cane”) +? -aceus.
- “loliaceis” could mean chaffy, but Lolium itself is a name given by Virgil to a troublesome weed.
| |
|
There is less agreement as to its current accepted name, whether it should be
Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh., or Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
- Baldwin, Bruce G., Douglas H. Goldman, David J. Keil, Robert Patterson, and Thomas J. Rosatti, 2012.
- Harrington, H. D., 1954.
- Shaw, Robert B., 2008.
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
- Wingate, Janet L., 1994.
|
Starting close to home, most Colorado authors use Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.,
including Ackerfield (2015), Weber & Wittman (2015), and Shaw (2008).
Wingate (1994) uses Festuca arundinaceus Schreb., although it is a older reference. Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) used Festuca elatior var. arundinaceae (Screb.) Celak..
By way of comparison, the Jepson Manual of California (Baldwin, et al., 2012) retains Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
| |
|
On a regional level, the Southwest Biodiversity Network (SEINet) taxon tree has kind of a split personality with regard to “Tall Fescue.”
The current (3 October 2019) taxon tree accepts both Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire
and Schedonorus asundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.
Poaceae
[Gramineae]
Lolium
[Lolium x aschersoniana]
Lolium arundinaceum
[Festuca arundinacea]
[Festuca elatior subsp. Arundinacea]
[Festuca elatior var. arundinacea]
Schedonorus
Schedonorus arundinaceus
[Avena secunda]
[Bromus arundinaceus]
[Bromus elatior]
[Festuca elatior f. aristata]
[Festuca elatior f. elatior]
[Festuca fenas]
[Festuca mediterranea]
[Festuca orientalis]
[Festuca phoenix]
[Festuca uechtritziana]
[Poa elatior]
[Poa kunthii]
[Poa phoenix]
[Poa uliginosa]
[Schedonorus elatior]
[Schedonorus phoenix]
[Tragus elatior]
One consequence is that both names have to be entered into a query when searching for collections of “tall fescue.”
| |
Images:
Collections of “tall fescue” entered into SEINet
|
The map at left (3 Oct 2019) shows the locations of Colorado collections of “tall fescue” that have coordinates entered into SEINet.
Within Jefferson County, collections have primarily been made at Chatfield Farms, Hildebrand Park and Deer Creek Canyon Park.
There are no collections of this grass from Golden s.l.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Henson, James F., 2001.
|
USDA Plants accepts Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. as a conserved name.
Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire are treated as synonyms.
Perhaps somewhat ironic is the USDA NRCS plant guide for “Tall Fescue” (Henson, 2001) which accepts the name of
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Soreng, Robert J., Edward E. Terrell, John Wiersma, & S. J. Darbyshore, 2001.
|
Conservation of Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. was proposed by Soreng, et al. (2001).
S. arundinaceus Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 700. 1817 was rejected because it is not the basionym
of any currently accepted taxon.
Rather is it a synonym of Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Fribourg, H. A., D. B. Hannaway, and C. P. West, 2009.
|
Tall Fescue Online monograph. (https://forages.oregonstate.edu/tallfescuemonograph/turf/invasive_species)
|
Hexaploid tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. = Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., formerly Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Var. arundinacea] is an agronomically vital member of the grass family that has been characterized based on morphological characteristics, interfertility relationships, and, more recently, genetic criteria such as gene sequences. Efforts to improve tall fescue for forage or turf and to gain insight into processes of grass evolution hinge on an accurate depiction of the interrelationships that exist between this species and other Lolium and Festuca grasses. The evolution of hexaploid tall fescue, and a majority of grasses, has involved interspecific hybridization that obscures species boundaries but, more importantly, serves as a rapid means of combining distinct genomes into novel progeny with enhanced evolutionary potential. We discuss here the systematics of the Festuca-Lolium complex within the context of such processes and highlight the dynamic and often confounding evolutionary history that characterizes tall fescue and its relatives (Fribourg, et al., 2009).
|
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Tall fescue (https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3037)
Forage Identification: Tall fescue. Department of Plant Sciences. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) Darbysh) (http://www.uwyo.edu/plantsciences/uwplant/forages/grasses/tall-fescue.html)
Phylogeny of tall fescue and related species using RFLPs. Theor Appl Genet. 1994 Aug;88(6-7):685-90. doi: 10.1007/BF01253971. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24186163)
Melanie L Hand, Noel OI Cogan, Alan V Stewart & John W Forster Evolutionary history of tall fescue morphotypes inferred from molecular phylogenetics of the Lolium-Festuca species complex BMC Evolutionary Biologyvolume 10, Article number: 303 (2010) (https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-303)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lolium multiflorum;
|
Lolium multiflorum Lam.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Muhlenbergia andina;
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2392, 24 Jul 2020;
|
Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitchc. “Foxtail Muhly”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1848b.
- Spitzzeri, Paul R, 1998.
Locations:
Colorado River.
|
Nuttall (1847, p. 187) described the grass from a collection by William Gambel.
| Original Text
|
|
CALAMAGROSTIS.
|
|
§ *Trichagrostis.
—
Spikelets one-flowered, the flower sessile,
with long hairs at the base.
Glumes two, subequal, membranaceous, acute,
longer than the flower, the lower with a short terminal awn.
Paleae two, very acute, the lower carinate,
ending in an exserted capillary awn ;
the upper one-nerved, acuminate.
Caryopsis free, cylindric-oblong,
much shorter than the glume.
|
|
C. *andina.
A simple stemmed small grass, with a compressed culm,
about two or three feet high ;
ligules minute ;
flowers in a short, paniculate, narrow spike,
about three or four inches long, half an inch wide,
with a habit very distinct from the general character of the genus ;
glumes very long and slender, each with about a single nerve ;
very narrow and membranaceous ;
one of them distinctly awned, the other acuminate ;
pappus copious, longer than the small flower ;
no lateral rudiment of another flower.
|
|
Hab.
In Upper California, on the Colorado of the West.
|
Gambel traveled to Los Angeles with the Rowland-Workman party, and left with them for California on September 1, 1941 (Graustein, p. 350; see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Rowland).
Assuming they took the northern route of the Old Spanish Trail,
Gambel would have passed through territory known where Muhlenbergia andina is known to occur in proximity
to the Colorado River near Moab, Grand County, Utah.
If they traveled the southern route, Gambel might have seen it near Tsegi Canyon or Betakin Canyon.
The route traveled might be stated in Spitzzeri (1998).
Unfortunately I have been able to break through the paywalls of JSTOR or UC Press,
nor obtain a copy of the article through ResearchGate.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, A. S., 1920.
|
Hitchcock (1920) moved C. andina to Muhlenbergia.
| Original Text
|
|
Vaseya Thurb., in Gray, Proc, Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863.
The type is V. comata Thurb., the only species described.
This is Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitchc.
(Calamagrostis andina Nutt.).
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- SEINet, 2019+.
Other articles:
• US Highway 160:
Tsegi;
Locations:
Tsegi Canyon.
|
A GIS analysis of georeferenced collections of Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitchc. (SEINet, 2021, n=299), within 100 km of the Colorado River, and within 3 km of a trace of the Old Spanish Trail, show that the most likely location of the Gambel collection is in Tsegi Canyon and vicinity, Navajo County, Arizona. There is a tiny chance that the collection was near Moab, but only if the Rowland-Workman party followed the northern route of the Old Trail. There is also a small chance that the collection was made in Piute Canyon or along Piute Creek, 23 km. northwest of Tsegi Canyon. However, the largest number of collections are found in or near Tsegi Canyon.
There are three collections with four vouchers in this area.
These are
S. Holiday, #376, 9/9/1995 ASC63457;
Wetherill, s.n., 8/22/1935, MNA B.3488;
and M. J. A. Wetherill, #538, 8/22/1935, ARIZ91714 & ARIZ91715
There is a fourth collection just outside the Tsegi Canyon area:
D. Roth, #1308, 8/30/2001, ASC70375.
And finally, the collection in Piute Canyon is:
Kenneth D. Heil and Arnold Clifford, #17190, 8/14/2001, SJNM330.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Muhlenbergia asperifolia;
|
Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi. “Alkali Muhley”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Trinius, C. B., 1840.
|
Trinius (1845, 6e serie, t. 2, p. 95) published Vilfa asperifolia as described by Nees and Meyen.
asperifolia would mean “rough leaves.”
The paper was either read or communicated on 5 June 1840,
but not published until July 1845.
| Original Text
|
|
† 61) Vilfa asperifolia N. et Meyen!
6 — 10-po!Iicaris.
Juba patente , subpauciflora , 4 — 5 - pollicari ;
Radiis inferioribus subtripollicaribus,
basi paullo nudis, compositis;
Spiculis vix linealibus;
Glumis parum l. paullo inaequalibus ,
valvulis pl. min. ↷ (l. injcriore fere ½)
brevioribus, dorso hispidulis; Valvula inferiore submucronata ,
superiore obtusiuscula. Foliis planis, asperis,fere lineam lotis,
culmeis 1 ½-pollicaribus, ramorum pollicaribus et brevioribus.
|
|
Chile; Rio Mayno: Copiapo.
|
|
Radix .... Culmus diffuso-ramosissimus, decumbens, glaber.
Nodi plures, glabri.
Vaginae nodis longiores, glabrae, saepe hiantes.
Ligula membranacea, brevis.
Folia patentia, aspera l. asperiuscula, in ramis
subdisticha, juniora angustissima, inferiora pollicaria,
superiora semipollicaria, in culmo pl. min. 1 ½- pollicaria,
fere lineam lata, acuta l. acnminata , glauco- viridia.
Juba (junior) basi folio subinvolucrata.
Radii strictiusculi, solitarii, paullo distantes, superne scabri,
compositi l. subcompositi.
Pedicelli spicula multo (3 — 7-ies) longiores, hispidi.
Spiculae aeneae, acutae, haud raoe biflorae.
Glumae 1-nerves, acutae, dorso hispidulae, superior ipso apice sub lente strigillosa.
Valvula inferior 1—l. sub-5-nervis, ex apice obtusiusculo mucronulata:
mucrone hispidulo; superior obtusiuscula, 2-nervis.
Antherae lineares.
|
Carl Bernhard von Trinius (6 March 1778, Eisleben – 12 March 1844, St. Petersburg) was a German-born botanist and physician.
As a botanist, Trinius was a specialist in grasses and described many species in his career, including Agrostis pallens, Cenchrus agrimonioides and Festuca subulata.
The genus Trinia and species Trinia glauca are named after him. The so-called "Herbarium Trinii" (a collection of roughly 4000-5000 plants) was bequeathed to the botanical museum in St. Petersburg (WikiPedia, 2021).
Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (14 February 1776 – 16 March 1858) was a prolific German botanist, physician, zoologist, and natural philosopher. He was a contemporary of Goethe and was born within the lifetime of Linnaeus. He described approximately 7,000 plant species (almost as many as Linnaeus himself). His last official act as president of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina was to admit Charles Darwin as a member. He was the author of numerous monographs on botany and zoology. His best-known works deal with fungi.
Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (28 June 1804 – 2 September 1840) was a Prussian physician and botanist.
Meyen was born in Tilsit, East Prussia. In 1830 he wrote Phytotomie, the first major study of plant anatomy.
Between 1830 and 1832, he took part in an expedition to South America on board the Prinzess Luise, visiting Peru and Bolivia, describing species then new to science such as the Humboldt penguin.
| |
|
Parodi (1928) is given credit for Muhlenbergia asperifolia in
Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria. Buenos Aires
vol. 6: 117, p. 117.
I have been unable to find this volume on the Internet.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Muhlenbergia montana;
|
Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. “Mountain Muhly”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1848b.
|
Nuttall (1848, p. 187) published Calycodon montanus from a collection by Gambel near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
| Nuttall's Text
| Comments and Interpretation
|
|
*CALYCODON
|
|
|
Spikelets one-flowered, the flower sessile, bearded at the base.
Glumes two, unequal, shorter than the flower, membranaceous,
the lower truncate, acutely three-toothed;
the lower smaller, one-toothed.
Paleae two, the lower sublanceolate, carinate,
terminaing in a longish scabrous awn;
at length indurated, with a silky pilose margin;
the upper palea lanceolate, one-nerved, indurated and involute.
Anthers three.
Stigmas two, plumose.
—
A scabrous leaved grass, with a simple inarticulated culm,
terminated by a loose, narrow, somewhat spiked panicle.
So called in allusion to the remarkable toothing of the calyx.
|
|
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C. *montanum.
Leaves short and narrow, somewhat scabrous;
ligules membranaceous, elongated;
panicles four or five inches long, narrow, with the branches appressed;
flowers clustered on the branches,
three or four together, some nearly sessile and others pedicellate;
glumes variable, membranaceous and eroded at the summit, the lower, three-nerved,
with three wither short, or rather long and acute teeth,
sometimes with a fourth membranous tooth;
the upper glume also eroded, and ending in a single tooth from the nerve;
the lower palea lanceolate, carinate, scabrous, and indurated,
terminated by a long, slender, scabrous awn;
the inner margin silky, with soft shining hair,
of which there are two tufts at the base of the paleae;
the inner paleae also indurated and herbaceous in the centre,
involving the germ and the stamens.
|
|
|
A perennial grass, with a simple, unnjointed culm, about eighteen inches high.
Somewhat allied to Muhlenbergia,
(when restrained to its proper limits,)
but perfectly distinct by its very remarkable glumes.
The ripe seed we have not seen.
|
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Hab. In the Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fe, Mexico.
Flowering in August.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hitchcock, A. S., 1920.
|
Hitchcock (1920) placed Nuttall's C. montanum into Muhlenbergia.
| Original Text
|
|
Calycodon Nutt. Journ. Acad, Phila. II 1: 186. 1848
The type is C. montanum (Muhlenbergia montana Hitchc.),
the only species described.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Muhlenbergia racemosa;
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Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton, Stern & Poggenb. “Marsh Muhly”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
|
Michaux (1803, p. 53) in Flora Boreali-americana
placed racemosa in Agrostis.
| Original Text
|
|
[Agrostis] racemosa.
A. culmis erectis : foliis anguste longeque
linearibus, erectis : racemo oblongo ,
e spicis densifloris subinterrupto : glumae
exterioris valvis in mucronem aristiformem
desinentibus, gluma interiore mutica longioribus.
|
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Obs. Affinis A. lateriflorae.
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Hab. in ripis sabulosis inundatis fluminis Mississipi.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Emerson Ellick Sterns, and Justus Ferdinand Poggenburg, 1888.
|
Britton, et al. (1888) simply published Muhlenbergia racemosa without comment,
as follows:
| Original Text
|
|
Muhlenbergia racemosa, (Michx.) (M. glomerata, Trin.)
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Muhlenbergia wrightii;
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Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey ex J.M. Coult. “Spike Muhly”
There are five vouchers of Wright #1986, labeled Muhlenbergia wrightii: two at GH, one at MO, and two at NY.
The two vouchers at GH are lebeled isotypes.
Several are labeled isotypes.
The voucher at MO is labeled an isotype.
NY381414 is annotated “Type number of M. wrightii Vasey, Determined by Richard W. Pohl 1967.”
This voucher was from the Grass Herbarium of Mr. George V. Nash, purchased 1911.
The other voucher at NY (NY381413) is from the Torrey Herbarium and bears the note,
“Probably a new species, but I do not feel well enough satisfied with it to describe it. J. T.”
GH24000 does not give a location.
GH24001 is annotated, “Field no 511, &slquo;511, grass, Valley of Sonora, along branches, in small compact bunches, Sept 14, 1851&srquo;
east of Huachuca Mt. south of Benson. Cochise Co, Ariz!”
NY381413 gives the location as New Mexico, as does NY381414.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coulter, John Merle, 1885.
|
Coulter (1885, p. 409) first published M. wrightii noting the author was
“Vasey ined.”
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2. M. Wrightii, Vasey ined.
Stems erect, 9 inches to a foot high or
more: leaves involute, rather rigid and pungently pointed, scabrous, pale;
sheaths much shorter than the internodes: panicle spike-like, 1 to 3 inches long, the
two or three lowest clusters of spikelets somewhat distant : the glumes and
palets scabrous, especially on the midribs ; lower glume the shorter, ⅓ to ½ the
length of the flowering glume, mucronate pointed ; upper glume longer, 1-nerved
and short-awned : flowering glume l-nerved, tipped by a stout rough awn about
⅓ the length of the palet. — Colorado and New Mexico.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Munroa squarrosa;
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Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. False Buffalograss.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
squarrose;
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 49) …
|
75. CRYPSIS. Lamarck. (Thorn-Grass.)
|
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Calix 2-valved, oblong, 1-flowered,
Corolla 2-valved, longer than the calix.
Stamina 2 or 3.
(Spike surrounded at the base by the sheath of the leaf;
or the flowers collected into a leafy capitulum.)
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Culm decumbent or procumbent, extremely branched;
leaves rigid and pungent;
flowers collected in squarrose heads,
or short and dense irregularly involucrate,
lobed spikes.
|
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SPECIES.
1. C. * squarrosa.
Stem decumbent, much branched;
leaves short, all rigid, and sharply pungent;
capituli squarrose, few flowered;
dorsal valve of the corolla coriaceous, somewhat cleft at the point,
with a shortish subulate central cusp.
|
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On arid plains near the “Grand Detour” of the Missouri,
almost exclusively covering thousands of acres,
and as pungent as thorns.
☉
Not more than 3 or 4 inches high;
the flowers not collected into heads,
as in the European species,
but merely in squarrose terminal fascicles;
the outer glume of the corolla is likewise cleft so as to
present 3 short coriaceous subulate points.
|
|
…
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1857a.
|
Torrey (1859, p. 102) report on the botany of the Whipple expedition....
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
MONROA. Nov. Gen.
|
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... [Latin genus diagnosis not reproduced.] ...
|
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Monroa squarrosa.
Crypsis squarrosa, Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 49.
Hills and ravines,
Anton Chico,
New Mexico ; September.
“On the arid plains of the Upper Missouri, near the Grand Detour, it covers, almost exclusively, thousands of acres.&rdquo
—
Nutt.
This grass is very distinct from Crypsis, and belongs, as we think, to the tribe Hordeaceae.
In the notice of Dr. James' plants,
collected in Long's 1st expedition,
(Ann. Lyc, Nat. Hist. N. York, 2, p. 254,)
it was intimated that is was probably a distinct genus.
... [Description not reproduced.] ...
We dedicate this singular genus to Major Monro,
of the East India Company's service,
who has made the grasses an especial study.
|
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Nassella viridula;
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Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth. “Green Needlegrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Trinius, C. B., 1836.
|
Trinius (1836, p. 39) published Stripa viridula Trin,
describing the habitat as “V. spp. Am. bor.?”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Barkworth, Mary E., 1990.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
ecostate;
|
Barkworth (1990, p. 597) revised the circumscription of Nassella Desv.
to include all species of Stipeae with strongly overlapping lemma margins;
lemma apices that are fused into a crown;
paleae that are highly reduced, ecostate and glabrous;
long epiblasts;
and lemma epidermes with very short fundamental cells having silicified cell walls.
The expanded genus includes 79 species, almost all of which are South American.
Our most common Nassella in Colorado is N. viridula (Trin.) Barkworth
or “Green Needlegrass”
N. tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth is reported from Larimer County,
and may be escaped from cultivation.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Panicum capillare;
|
Panicum capillare L. “Witchgrass”
The name was applied by Linnaeus (1753) from known locations of Virginia and Jamaica.
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Pascopyrum Á.Löve
Treated as a synonym of Elymus by POWO.
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|
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Pascopyrum Love. gen. nov.
(based on the description of Agropyron spicatum Scribn. & Merr. 1897, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrostol. Bull. 4:33
[“type *** Geyer, upper Missouri”]
not the basionym Festuca spicata Pursh; generic type P. smithii)
|
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Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1900a.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pascopyrum smithii;
|
Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á. Löve. “Western Wheatgrass”
Agropyron spicatum Scribn. & Smith nom. nov., https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/110083#page/253/mode/1up
First published as Agropyron smithii Rydb., 1900, as a segregate from A. spicatum,
which by Rydberg's comments may have been somewhat muddled.
Moved to Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Á.Löve, Taxon 29: 168, 547 (1980).
| |
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Rydberg (1900, pp. 64-65) as a separate species to A. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & J. G. Sm.,
which we now call Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á.Löve.
|
Agropyron Smithii ;
Agropyron spicatum Scribn. & Smith, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. 4 : 33 [111. Fl. 3 : 507] ;
Agropyrum repens Coulter, Man. 425, in part.
|
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Differing from A. repens in the acute, compressed, diverging spikelets
and striate, bluish-green, glaucous leaves : common in meadows
of the prairie regions, reaching in the valleys an altitude of 2000 m.
|
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See under A. spicatum above. I name this species in honor of
my friend J. G. Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture who
has contributed more than any one else to the knowledge of our
Agropyrons.
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Montana: Logan, 1895, Shear, 514; Rydberg, 2271;
Elk Mts., Castle, 1896, Flodman, 222; Rydberg, 3256;
Madison Co., Mrs. McNultv;
Gallatin City, 1883, Scribner, 425;
Flathead Lake, 1883, Canby, 389;
Otter Creek, Scribner, 426.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Weaver, J. E., 1942.
|
|
Many profound changes in mid-continental grasslands have resulted from the recent extended drought.
In the prairies of eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota, the earlier continuous stands of bluestem
(Andropogon scoparius [=Schizachyrium scoparium] and Andropogon furcatus [=A. gerardi])
have often been greatly fragmented and now occur as relict patches a few square feet to many square rods in extent.
Loss of approximately 95 per cent of little bluestem has left prairie cover very open.
Over large areas, except for weeds and a few surviving grasses and forbs, the soil was bared
(Weaver, Stoddart, and Noll, 1935; Weaver and Albertson, 1939).
Grasses more xerophytic than the bluestems have dgreatly increased, notably needle grass (Stipa spartea),
prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) and western wheat grass (Agropyron smithii).
The wheat grass has entirely replaced other grasses in many prairies and is such a vigorous competitor
for water that its invasion into countless relict areas of weakened bluestems has gradually resulted in their disappearance
together with most of the accompanying forbs.
|
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...
|
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Increase in abundance of this species was one of the most striking phenomena of the drought (fig. 2).
Extensive earlier studies in the prairies of eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota (Weaver and Fitzpatrick, 1934)
have shown that western wheat
grass constituted an almost negligible part of this grassland.
Usually it occurred only where there had been some disturbance.
|
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...
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Even casual observation revealed a striking decrease
in number of forbs just as soon as one entered an area dominated by western wheat grass2
|
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...
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Field tests of soil moisture. —
Western wheat grass invaded the prairie near Lincoln that has been used
several years for experimental studies (Fredrickson, 1938; Noll, 1939).
By 1937 it had become established in numerous large patches.
|
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...
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Only two native grasses compete successfully with it. Side-oats grama has
done so inly when early spring was dry and late spring and summer moist.
Blue grama is more drought resistant than western wheat grass.
It successfully invades pure stands of this grass and may gradually replace it.
But blue grama is a short grass and yield is relatively low.
|
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...
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Summary
|
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Agropyron smithii is a common sod-forming, perennial forage grass of midwestern prairies.
It is so successful a competitor for the meager supply of soil moisture that it often causes the death
of more mesic grasses and forbs of the true prairie.
|
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...
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Formerly occurring sparingly in the eastern portions of Nebraska and Kansas,
western wheat grass spread rapidly and widely following the great deterioration of grassland due to drought.
Competition for water resulted in great drawfing and often in wilting and death of most other prairie grasses and forbs.
Numbers of species and numbers of stems of perennial forbs were greatly decreased after western wheat grass once became thoroughly established.
In prairies on silt-loam soil and under similar precipitation, the number of perennial species of forbs was only 56 per cent
as great in wheat grass,
and the number of stems 20 per cent of that in uninvaded areas.
The large area of drought-damaged true prairie and native pasture now dominated by western wheat grass and the harmful effects of the
successful competition for water of western wheat grass with species of greater forage value present a problem of
much scientific interest and great economic importance.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Löve, Áskell, 1980a.
- Löve, Áskell, 1980b.
|
Love (1980a, p. 168) published his monotypic Pascopyrum ...
| Original Text
|
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Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Love, comb. Nov.
(based on Agropyron smithii Rudberg, 1900, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Mem. 1:64).
2n = 56.
Canada: Manitoba, Sandilands, roadside. L. Cyt.T6159.
|
Love (1980b, p. 547) corrected his oversight and published a Latin diagnosis …
| Original Text
|
|
Addendum
The author would like to take this opportunity to correct an unfortunate misunderstanding
when he, in Taxon 29(1), 1980, p. 168, failed to include the following Latin description of the
new monotypic genus Pascopyrum Love:
[… Latin description omitted …]
Typus generis: Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Love, cf. Taxon, l.c., p. 168.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Ogle, D. G., L. St. John, and S. R. Winslow, 2009.
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It should not be planted with
aggressive introduced grasses, but is very compatible with
slower developing natives such as
bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata),
thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus),
streambank wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. psammophilus),
and needlegrass species (Achnatherum spp.,
Hesperostipa spp., Nassella spp.,
Stipa spp., and Ptilagrostis spp.)
|
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...
|
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It is long-lived with an extensive, very strong, rhizomatous
root system combined with a few deep roots.
|
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...
|
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It is a cool season perennial grass common
to intermittent moist, sometimes saline to saline-sodic,
medium to fine textured soils in the Great Plains,
Southwest, and Intermountain regions of the western
United States.
|
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Environmental Concerns
Western wheatgrass is long-lived, spreads primarily via
vegetative means (rhizomes) but may also spread via seed
distribution.
It is not considered "weedy", but can spread
into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal
climatic and environmental conditions
|
|
...
|
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‘Arriba’ western wheatgrass was released for dryland hay
production, grazing, and conservation seedings in the
western part of the Central Great Plains and Southwestern
United States.
It was collected from native plants
growing near Flagler, Colorado. Seed is commercially
available and the USDA, NRCS Plant Materials Center,
Meeker, Colorado maintains Breeder and Foundation
seed.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Phleum pratense;
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Phleum pratense L. “Timothy”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa annua;
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Poa annua L. “Annual Blue Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Vasey, George R., 1883.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa arida;
|
Poa arida Vasey. “Plains Bluegrass”
George Vasey (1883) described P. arida from a collection he made at Socorro, New Mexico, in 1881.
| Original Text
|
|
Type specimen collected by G. R. Vasey at Socorro, New Mexico, in 1881; other
specimens collected in Utah, Colorado, Kansas, and northward to British America.
This is P. andina Nutt., in Herb. Phila. Acad., fide F. Lamson-Scribner,
but Nuttall's manuscript name is preoccupied by a Chilian species, P. andina
Trin. It may be distinguished from Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey by the
smaller spikelets, smaller florets, and the pubescence between the nerves of the
floral glumes.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa fendleriana;
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Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey “Muttongrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb, 1855.
|
Steudel (1855, pars 1, pg. 278)
| Original Text
|
|
213. E. FENDLERIANA. Steud.
Radice fibrosa horizontaliter descendente ;
culmo erecto simplici vaginis scabris tecto, uti tota planta pallide glaucescente ;
ligula ovata obtusa brevi fimbriata;
foliis angustis culmo (1—1½-pedali) brevioribus scabriusculis planis vel subconvolutis ;
paniculae erectae (3-pollicaris) rhachi radiisque scaberrimis,
his rigidulis alternatim 2—3-nis pauci- (1—4-) spiculatis ;
spiculis ovato-oblongis 5—9-floris ;
glumis tenuibus ovato lanceolatis margine late membranaceo-pellucidis carina
viridibus acuminatis uninerviis ;
valvula inferiore carinata herbacea (plus minus rubro-colorata)
margine hyalino-membranacea ad carinam basi pilosa apicem versus
aculeolata scabra praeter carinam vix nervosa ;
inferiore hyalina margine herbacea et ciliata.
Praecedenti videtur affinis.
Fendler hrbr. nr. 932. Mexico.
| The preceeding was Eragrostis uninervia now placed in Diplachne
|
Steudel does not mention that the grass is dioecious.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Vasey, George R., 1893a.
- Vasey, George R., 1893b.
|
Vasey (1893a, 2(2), no. 74) published Poa fendleriana. However, I have been unable to find an online version of Volume 2, Part 2.
I assume that Vasey (1893b, v. 2, p. 297) is nearly identical in content, though it is not the original publication of Poa fendleriana.
While the grass is named for Fendler, who only collected in New Mexico, and Steudel (1855) refers specifically to a Fendler collection,
Vasey gives the geographic distribution as Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada.
| Original Text
|
|
No. 74
|
|
POA FENDLERIANA (Steud.) Vasey;
Eragrostis Fendleriana Steud. Syn. Gram. 179 (1855).
|
| … [Diagnosis omitted] ...
|
|
Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada.
This species was named without description
Sclerochloa Californica Munro in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 342 (1857), and was
described as Atropis Californica Munro in Wats. Bot. Gal. ii. 309 (1880).
In Vasey, Cat. Grasses of U. S. 81 (1885) it was again changed to Poa Californica,
and by this name it is probably most widely known.
Besides these proper synonyms, specimens have been wrongly named P. andina Nutt.
and P. tenuifolia Nutt.
It is apparently completely dioecious, and this fact is probably one cause for
the multiplicity of names and the confusion regarding the species.
The staminate panicle is more open and
has fewer spikelets than the pistillate, and the glumes are narrower, thinner,
less pubescent, and slightly smaller.
The spikelets of the staminate plant are flat,
with divergent florets open at maturity; while those of the pistillate plant are more
turgid, with merely carinate margins, the florets remaining erect and closed.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa palustris;
|
Poa palustris L. “Fowl Bluegrass”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa secunda;
|
Poa secunda J. Presl. “Sandberg Bluegrass”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa tracyi;
|
Poa tracyi Vasey “Tracy's Bluegrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Vasey, George R., 1888.
Locations:
Raton.
|
Vasey (1888, p. 48) described Poa tracyi collection made by
Prof. S. M. Tracy near Raton, New Mexico.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Prof. S. M. Tracy collected in New Mexico, Arizona, S. California,
Nevada, Utah and Western Colorado, over 200 species of
grasses, many of them interesting, particularly the Oryzopsis
Webberi, collected at Reno, Nevada, the first specimens which
have been collected since those by Mr. Lemmon, on which the
species was founded by Dr. Thurber, as Eriocoma Webberi.
|
Currently known in Colorado as Achnatherum webberi (Thurb.) Barkworth,
though it appears we will soon revert to calling it Eriocoma webberi Thurb.
It is not known from Jefferson County, there being only one collection from Grand Junction.
|
|
The following appear to be new : Poa Tracyi, from mountain
sides near Raton, New Mexico. It is of the flexuosa group, 2 to
3 feet high, with short leaves, panicle 4 to 6 inches long, spikelets
large, flowing glumes strongly five-nerved, scabrous-pubescent,
hairy at the base ; Diplachne Tracyi, near D. fascicularis, 1 3^ to
2 feet high, erect, and narrow, leaves equaling the culm, panicle
long, branches appressed, spikelets seven to nine-flowered, flowering
glumes with two acute lobes at the apex and a short awn
between them. In clumps growing in ditches at Reno, Nevada.
|
|
| |
|
Pseudoroegneria A. Löve. “Bluebunch Wheat Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Löve, Áskell, 1980a.
|
|
Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) Love, gen. nov.
(based on Elytrigia sect. Pseugoregneria Nevski, 1934, Tr. Sredneaz. Univ. Ser. VIIIB, 17:60;
generic type P. strigosa (M. Bieb) Love,
comb. nov. (based on Bromus strigosus M. Bieb., 1819, Fl. Taur.-Cauc. 3:81).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Pseudoroegneria spicata;
|
Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve. “Bluebunch Wheat Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Moulton, Gary E., 1999.
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Pursh, 1814, publication details;
|
(Pursh, 1814-1816, v. 1, p. 83) published Festuca spicata from a dried specimen
he saw in the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
| Original Text
|
|
96. FESTUCA. Gen. pl. 119.
|
|
|
1. F. spiculis alternis sessilibus erectis subquinquefloris,
floribus subulatis glabriusculis, aristis longis scbaris,
foliis linearibus culmoque glabris.
|
spicata.
|
|
On the waters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. June
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
|
|
Moulton (1999, no 142) confirms that there is a collection of the grass in the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
The oldest label states the collection was made on the plains of the Columbia, June 10th, 1806.
An annotation label states:
=Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) S & S
Type Festuca spicata
Determined by A. S. Hitchcock
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|
Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) A. Love and P. spicata (Pursh) A. Love were published in “IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXVI,” Taxon 29: 168 (1980).
|
Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Love, comb. Nov.
(based on Festuca spicata Pursh, 1814, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:83).
Ssp. spicata.
2n=14.
Canada: British Columbia, near Kelowna.
L. Cyt. T6792.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Schedonnardus paniculatus;
|
Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. “Tumblegrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1818.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1818, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 81) …
| Original Text
|
|
113. LEPTURUS. R. Brown. (Rotbollia, species, Willd.)
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|
Flowers polygamous, spiked.
Rachis articulated, filiform; articulations single-flowered.
—
Calix fixed, or growing to the rachis, 1 or 2-valved, the valve simple, or biparted.
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With the precise characters of this genus, as described by Mr. R. Brown,
I am unacquainted, but satisfied with the propriety of separating plants of such dissimilar habits,
as have been hitherto referred to Rotbollia,
I have ventured to give it, however imperfectly.
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|
Species.
1. L. * paniculatus.
Rachis incurved, compounded, acutely triangular, branches and summit flower-bearing;
spikes on one side, subulate, compressed, unilaterals;
calix 2-valved, acuminate, 1-flowered;
flowers all hermaphrodite, 2-valved.
|
|
Obs.
Annual.
Culm scarcely a foot high, roundish, compressed, leaves short, rigid,
sheathing the base of the panicle;
panicle of naked rachis, slender, rigid, angular, bearing 6 to 10,
compressed, subulate, spikes on one side, not soluble or fragile at the articulations,
each 1 or 2 inches long;
flowers remote, on one side of the rachis.
Calix rigidly fixed, of 2 unequal parallel valves closing the scrobiculum;
flower 2-valved, the exterior valve resembling the calix, the interion membranaceous.
|
|
On dry saline plains, near Fort Mandan, on the Missouri.
Flowering in June.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Branner, John C., and F. V. Coville, 1888.
- Coville, F. V., 1888.
|
| Original Text
|
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND EXPLORATIONS.*
|
|
The work of Nuttall.
—
The botanical work done in Arkansas up to 1887, when the work of the present Geological Survey began,
was confined to a few individuals and a few exploring parties.
The earliest explorer was Thomas Nuttall,
one of the prominent early naturalists.
He spent several years in the territory, as it rhen was,
most of his time being occupied in botanical observations.
The results of these observations were not published as a report,
but at odd times and in different places.
They are all long out of print.
|
|
“Journal of Travels Into Arkansas Territory, 1819 : By Thomas Nuttall, p. 236, Phila., 1821.”
This book has not been obtained by the writer, and no sketch of its contents can be given.
|
|
“A Description of Some New Species of Plants Recently Introduced Into the Gardens of Philadelphia,
from the Arkansas Territory : By THomas Nuttall. Journ Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, pp. 114-123 ;
Phila., 1821.”
Twelve species of Arkansas plants are described.
|
|
“Description of Two New Genera of the Natural Order Cruciferae : By Thomas Nuittall.
Ibid., Vol. V, pp. 132-135.”
The plants are Selenia aurea and Streptanthus maculatus ;
the latter from Red River, the former from the Arkansas.
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“Collections Toward a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas : By THomas Nuttall.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. II (New Series), pp. 139-203.
Philadelphia, 1837."
There are included two fungi, and several Pteridophyta,
the remainder being flowering plants, some newly described.
The paper appears to be a list of all the plants, so far as it goes,
found in Arkansas up to the time of publication.
But the Polypetalae and several orders of the Gamopetalae (one of the Compositae) are omitted.
|
|
...
|
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Nomenclature.
—
The oldest specific or varietal names are used in this list
(not going back of Linnaeus' Species, 1753)
under whatever genera they may originally have been employed.
On this principle Professor William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical Gardens at St. Louis,
has kindly revised the list.
It is but just to Professor Trelease to add, however,
that the time that could be allowed for this revision was too short to admit
of the necessary investigations in all cases,
so that a few plants appear under questionable names current
in Gray's Manual or other works in general use.
|
|
...
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GRAMINEAE
|
|
...
|
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Schedonnardus, Steud.
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paniculatus (Nutt.) (S. texanus, Steud.); Nuttall, Lesquereux.
|
|
...
|
Remarks [from Kew]:
Branner & Coville, who authored the article, acknowledged Trelease for revising their list (of plant names),
but did not ascribe any nomenclatural novelty to Trelease.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Peterson, Paul M., Konstatin Romaschenko, and Gabriel Johnson, 2010.
|
| Original Text
|
|
The moderately supported clade of M. sect. Pseudosporobolus ( Fig. 3 ) includes a diverse assemblage of species,
such as Schedonnardus paniculatus,
that has panicles with long primary branches that do not rebranch, hence containing nearly sessile spikelets; …
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Taxonomy
—
Because our molecular analysis renders
Muhlenbergia paraphyletic, we propose incorporating Aegopogon, Bealia, Blepharoneuron,
Chaboissaea, Lycurus, Pereilema, Red?eldia, Schaffnerella, and Schedonnardus
within Muhlenbergia.
Muhlenbergia is the oldest name.
Expansion of the circumscription to include these nine genera within
Muhlenbergia requires the least amount of nomenclatural changes and still allows us to recognize a strongly
supported monophyletic and morphologically cohesive unit.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Schizachyrium scoparium;
|
Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash “Little Bluestem”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Michaux, Andre, 1803.
|
Michaux (1803, p. 57) described Andropogon scoparium from collections or
observations in dry Carolina forests.
| Original Text
|
|
** Spiculis non ita villosis.
|
|
scoparium.
A. vaginis villosis : ramis ramosis ,
elongatis , purpurascentibus , in longam
paniculam strictis : spicis simplicibus ;
floribus distincte alternis , triandris ;
involucellis brevissimis : flosculi additorii
rudimento neutro, aristato.
|
|
Hab. in aridis sylvarum Carolinae.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Small, John Kunkel, and Per Axel Rydberg, 1913.
|
Small & Rydberg (1913, p. 59) was primarily an effort by John Small, though Per Axel Rydberg contributed the key to the orders
and perhaps other parts as well.
The section on Poaceae was contributed by Mr. George V. Nash.
| Original Text
|
|
4. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.
Green or purplish, sometimes
glaucous. Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-4's : leaf-sheaths usually
glabrous, sometimes more or less hirsute ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less,
commonly roughened, and frequently somewhat hirsute above near the base : racemes
single, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white :
sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, usually about twice as long as the internode, the first scale
generally more or less tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate,
8-15 mm. long, closely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5
mm. long, the first scale usually glabrous, tipped with an awn generally 1 mm. long or less,
the pedicel considerally shorter than the sessile spikelet.
[Andropogon scoparius Michx.]
|
|
In dry sandy soil, New Brunswick to Alberta, Florida and Texas. Summer and Fall.
Broom Grass.
|
Note that the common name associated with this grass is “Broom Grass”
rather than Little Bluestem that we use here in Colorado.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Secale cereale;
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Secale cereale L. Cereal Rye.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Shang, Hai-Ying, Yu-Ming Wei, Xiao-Rong Wang, and You-Liang Zheng, 2006.
|
|
It is thought that cultivated rye originated in the Mount Ararat and Lake Van area of eastern Turkey,
linguistic evidence suggesting that the introduction of cultivated rye to southern and western Europe
and Central Asia were independent of each other (Sencer and Hawkes 1980).
Khush (1962) concluded that cultivated rye probably entered Europe by two routes,
one being through the northern Caucuses and the other through central Asia.
Bushuk (1976) proposed that cultivated rye was probably distributed from south-western Asia to Russia,
and thence into Poland and Germany
from where it gradually spread throughout most of Europe and eventually to North America and western South America.
Rye was introduced into China from Turkey and later the species was into Japan.
Ma et al. (2004) found that American cultivars were more closely related to Chinese cultivars than to European cultivars
and that temporal isolation had influenced the genetic diversity of rye more than geographical isolation.
|
|
In their book concerning the origin of isolating mechanisms in flowing plants,
Max et al. (1978) observed that geographical, ecological and reproductive isolation should be taken into account when studying plant evolution.
In our study we analyzed the genetic similarities of cultivated rye accessions from Asia, Europe, North America and South America,
but could not make any deductions regarding the domestication process of cultivated rye,
indicating that further studies are needed to detect the phylogenetic relationships and evolution process of cultivated rye.
|
Bushuk W (1976) Rye: Production, Chemistry, and Technology. In: Walter Bushuk (ed). Am Ass Cereal Chemists Inc, St Paul, pp 1-11.
Khush GS (1962) Cytogenetic and evolutionary studies in Secale. II. Interrelationships of the wild species. Evolution 16:484-496.
Ma R, Yli-Mattila T and Pulli S (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among genotypes of worldwide collection of spring and winter ryes (Secale cereale L.) determined by RAPD-PCR markers. Hereditas 140:210-221.
Max KH, William CS and Bruce W (1978) The origin of isolating mechanism in flowing plants. In: Max KH (ed) Evolutionary Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 185-317.
Sencer HA and Haekes JG (1980) On the origin of cultivated rye. Biol J Linn Soc 13:299-313.
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Full text requested through ResearchGate.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sorghum bicolor;
|
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sorghastrum nutans;
|
Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash “Yellow Indian Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 1045) described Andropogon nutans from published descriptions
by Gronovius (1739) and Sloane (n.d.).
| Original Text
| Interpreted Latin
| Interpreted English
|
|
3. ANDROPOGON panicula nutante, ariftis tortuofis laevibus, glumis calycinis hirfutis.
Andropogon folio fuperiore fpathaceo,
pedunculis lateralibus oppofitis unifloris: flexuofis.
Gron. virg. 133.
Gramen avenaceum,
panicula minus fparfa, glumis alba fericea lanugine obductis.
Sloan. jam. 35. hift. 1. p. 43. t. 14. f. 2.
Habitat in Virginia, Jamaica.
| nutans.
|
3. ANDROPOGON panicula nutante, aristis tortuosis laevibus, glumis calycinis hirsutis.
Andropogon folio superiore spathaceo,
pedunculis lateralibus oppositis unifloris: flexuosis.
Gronovius, J. F., Flora virginica 1. 2. Leiden 1739. oct. 133.
Gramen avenaceum,
panicula minus sparsa, glumis alba sericea lanugine obductis.
Sloane Jamaica. 35. hift. 1. p. 43. t. 14. f. 2.
Habitat in Virginia, Jamaica.
| nutans.
|
3. ANDROPOGON nodding panicle, bristle twisted smooth, calyx glume hairy.
Andropogon upper leaves spathulate,
lateral peduncle opposite and single-flowered: drooping.
Gronovius, J. F., Flora virginica 1. 2. Leiden 1739. oct. 133.
Grass resembling Avena,
panicle less scattered [more dense than Avena], glumes with white soft silky hairs.
Sloane Jamaica. 35. hift. 1. p. 43. t. 14. f. 2.
Habitat in Virginia, Jamaica.
| nutans.
|
Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus)
(10 February 1690 in Leiden – 10 July 1762 in Leiden)
was a Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus.
John Clayton, a plant collector in Virginia sent him many specimens,
as well as manuscript descriptions, in the 1730s.
Without Clayton's knowledge,
Gronovius used the material in his Flora Virginica (1739–43, 2nd ed. 1762).
Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet PRS (16 April 1660 – 11 January 1753), was an Anglo-Irish physician, naturalist, and collector,
with a collection of 71,000 items which he bequeathed to the British nation, thus providing the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library,
and the Natural History Museum, London.
He was elected to the Royal Society at the age of 24.
Sloane travelled to the Caribbean in 1687 and documented his travels and findings with extensive publications years later.
Sloane was a renowned medical doctor among the aristocracy, and was elected to the Royal College of Physicians at age 27.
He is credited with creating drinking chocolate.
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Sporobolus R. Br. “dropseed” or “sacaton”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Colbry, Vera Lyola, 1957.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Peterson, Paul M., Konstantin Romaschenko, Yolanda Herrera Arrieta, an Jeffrey M. Saarela, 2014.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sporobolus airoides;
|
Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. “Alkali Sacaton”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sporobolus compositus;
|
Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. “Composite Dropseed”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sporobolus cryptandrus;
|
Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray. “Sand Drop-seed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, 1824b.
|
Described by John Torrey (1824b, p. 151) from a collection by Edwin James, M.D.
| Original Text
|
2. Agrostis cryptandra.*
|
Panicle pyramidal, with spreading subalternate branches,
hairy at the axils ; flowers racemose, unarmed ; inferior valve
of the calyx very short ; superior as long as the sub-equal corolla ;
sheaths bearded at the throat.
|
|
DESCRIPTION.
|
|
Culm 3 feet high, simple, smooth, leafy, with distant joints.
|
|
Leaves linear, 2 — 3 lines broad, smooth on both sides. Sheaths
smooth, closed, longer than the joints, a little swollen with
concealed abortive panicles, hairy on the margin, densely
bearded at the throat. Stipule a mere bearded ring.
|
|
Panicle large, pyramidal, bursting from the upper sheath, which
partly conceals its base ; branches spreading, mostly alter-
nate, nearly simple, bearded at the base, which is a little
thickened. Flowers disposed in a dense racemose manner,
purplish.
|
|
Calyx two-glumed, smooth ; inferior glume scarcely one-third
as long as the superior, very acute ; superior linear-lanceo-
late, acute, one-nerved.
|
|
Corolla two-valved, nearly equal, about as long as the superior glume,
slightly scabrous j valves one-nerved.
|
|
Stamens three ; anthers yellowish, exserted.
|
|
Styles two ; stigmas white, plumose.
|
|
Seed ovate, brown, smooth.
|
|
Nectaries collateral, lanceolate, entire.
|
|
Hab. On the Canadian river.
| |
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1848.
|
Gray (1848, p. 576) …
| Original Text
|
|
3. S. cryptandrus.
Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ;
the pyramidal panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually incloses its
base, its spreading branches hairy in the axils ;
upper glume lanceolate, acute, twice the length of the lower one,
as long as the nearly equal paleae ;
sheaths strongly bearded at the throat.
♃.
(Agr. and Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.)
—
Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York, and westward.
Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oakes.
Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high.
Panicle lead-color : spikelets small.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torok, P., et al., 2021.
|
Torok, et al. 2021, reviewed the current distribution and characteristics of Sporobolus cryptandrus (sand dropseed),
an invasive C4 grass species of North American origin recently discovered in Hungary
and provided information on (i) its current distribution paying special attention to its invasion in Eurasia;
(ii) the characteristics of the invaded habitats in Central Europe;
(iii) seed bank formation and germination characteristics, crucial factors in early establishment;
and (iv) the effects of its increasing cover on vegetation composition (from the Abstract).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hábenczyus, Alida A., et al., 2022.
|
Habenczyus, et al., 2022 evaluated stands of the invasive grass, Sporobolus cryptandrus,
in its native North American range and its non-native European range, and found that
the spread of Sporobolus, away from its native range,
leads to the impoverishment of host communities and compromises the biomass
and floral resource-provisioning capacity of the vegetation to higher trophic levels.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sporobolus heterolepis;
|
Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray. “Prairie Drop-seed”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1835.
|
Gray (1835, p. 233) published Vilfa heterolepis from collections in
New York state, in addition to collections from Connecticut, Delaware,
and Montreal, Canada.
|
|
|
34. VILFA HETEROLEPIS, (sp.nov.) ; foliis setaceis ;
panicula pyramidata, sparsiflora ; gluma inferiore subuliformi,
superiore ovata, cuspidata, subduplo breviori ; valvulis perianthio
subaequaUbus, muticis, gluma extima paulo minori.
|
|
Root perennial. Culm 1 — 2 feet in height, smooth.
Leaves convolute-setaceous, with the margins hispidly scabrous upward ; the lower ones
equalling the culm; the upper ones much shorter. Lower sheaths pilose ;
upper ones smooth. Panicle pyramidal, spreading or subcontracted;
branches solitary, nearly simple, few and loosely flowered. Glumes purplish ;
the outer one reduced to a subula, about one half the length of the
inner one, which is strikingly membranaceous in texture, ovate or ovate-
oblong, one-nerved, with the nerve produced into a short cusp. Valves
of the perianth oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thin and membranaceous,
a little shorter than the superior glume. Inferior valve, obscurely one-
nerved, slightly apiculate. Superior valve two-nerved, a little shorter
than the outer one. Stamens 3. Anthers large, linear, orange-red.
Stigmas 2, hairy. Styles very short. Caryopsis subglobose, coriaceous,
smooth and shining.
|
|
Hab. On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county, Dr. Crawe.
Flowers Aug. — Sept. I have also specimens collected near
New Haven, Connecticut, by Mr. J. D. Dana. In Muhlenberg's
herbarium there is a fragment of this grass with a specimen
of V. juncea, from the late Dr. Baldwin. The locality
is not noted on the label, but it was most probably collected in
Delaware. Dr. Torrey has also received specimens from the
vicinity of Montreal.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1848.
|
Gray (1848b, p. 576) published Sporobolus heterolepis placing his
previous Vilfa heterolepis in R. Brown's genus of Sporobolus.
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
2. S. heterolepis.
Leaves involute-thread-form,
rigid, the lowest as long as the culm (1°-2°), which is naked above;
panicle very loose;
glumes very unequal ;
the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base)
and somewhat shorter,
the upper ovate-obling and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal paleæ.
♃
(Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.)
—
Dry soil, New Haven, Connecticut;
Watertown, New York; and Columbus, Ohio.
Aug.
—
Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant),
stouter than the last [S. junceus], the spikelets thrise larger.
Utricle spherical (1" in diameter), shining, thick and coriaceous!
|
The stated dimensions of the seed has got to be some sort of mistake.
|
| |
|
Thinopyrum Love
| |
Literature Cited:
- Barkworth, Mary E., and Douglas R. Dewey, 1985.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Thinopyrum intermedium, Barkworth & D. R. Dewey, 1985;
|
Barkworth & Dewey (1985) ...
| Original Text
|
|
7. Thinopyrum A. Love, Taxon 29: 351, 1980, Fig 6.
|
|
As recognized here, Thinopyrum comprises
approximately 17 species in Eurasia, of which
three have become established in North America.
Their removal from Elytrigia is supported
by both karyotypic and genomic analyses (Cauderon,
1966; Heneen and Runemark, 1972a,b; Lyubimova, 1970).
Love (1984) places the caespitose species, such as T. ponticum, in the
genus Lophopyrum but Cauderon and Saigne
(1961), Cauderon (1966) and Dvorak (1981)
have shown that the genomes of such species
are essentially the same as those found in Thinopyrum
sensu stricto. We have previously included
Thinopyrum in Elytrigia (Barkworth,
Dewey, and Atkins, 1983; Dewey, 1982, 1983a, b),
but with considerable misgivings.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Thinopyrum intermedium;
|
Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey “Intermediate Wheatgrass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Barkworth, Mary E., and Douglas R. Dewey, 1985.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Thinopyrum, Barkworth & D. R. Dewey, 1985;
|
Barkworth & Dewey (1985) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D. R. Dewey, comb. nov.
Basionym: Triticum intermedium Host, Gram. Austr. 3:23, 1805.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Vulpia octoflora;
|
Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. “Six Weeks Fescue”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Walter, Thomas, 1788.
|
Walter (1788, p. 81) published Festuca octoflora
| Original Text
|
|
45. FESTUCA. Cal. 2-valvis.
Spicula oblinga teretiufcula.
Glumis acuminatis.
|
|
octoflora
|
2. panicula erecta,
fpiculus octofloris acuminatis.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gmelin, Karl Christian, 1805.
|
The genus Vulpia was proposed by Gmelin (1805) for plants common
in the German state of Baden (now part of Baden-Wurttemberg), Alsace and on both sides of the Rhine.
| Original Text
| Translation and Comments
|
|
Hab.
Utrinque paffim copiofe in agris fabulofis,
arvis et collibus apricis;
prope Carlsruhe in arvis et ad vias fabulofas paffim abunde.
|
Habitat.
Abundant everywhere in the sunny fields of both sides [of the Rhine River] to the hills;
and abundant near Carlsruhe.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1909b.
|
Rydberg (1909) published Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb. without comment or explanation.
| |
|
Cyperaceae Juss. — Sedge Family
- Carex
- Subgenus Carex
- Section: Acrocystis
- Carex inops L. H. Bailey subsp. heliophila (Mack.) Crins “Sun sedge”
- Section: Phacocystis
- Carex nebrascensis Dewey “Nebraska sedge”
- Subgenus: Vignea
- Section: Deweyanae
- Carex deweyana Schweinitz
- Section: Divisae
- Carex douglasii Boott
- Carex duriuscula C. A. Meyer
- Carex praegracilis W. Boott “Black-creeper sedge”
- Section: Ovales
- Carex brevior (Dewey) MacKenzie
- Section: Phaestoglochin
- Carex occidentalis L. H. Bailey
- Section: Vulpinae
- Carex stipata Muhl. “Awl-fruit sedge, prickly sedge”
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Carex
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex brevior;
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Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. “Shortbeak Sedge”
Several infraspecific taxa have been proposed for C. brevior though they are all now treated as synonyms of other carices.
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Literature Cited:
- Dewey, Chester, 1826.
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Dewey (1826) published the basionym as variety brevior
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The C. albolutescens Schw. An. Tab. seems to be only a
variety of the common C. straminea. On the specimens from
Penn. and Ohio, is to be seen the characteristic broad winged
fruit.
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&beta. brevior. (Mihi.) C. straminea, Wahl no. 38.
Schk. tab. G. fig. 34. Rees' Cyc. no. 50.
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Spicis subquinis saepe approximatis sessilibus; fruc tibus
brevi-ovatis et brevi-rostratis, squama lanceolata vix longioribus.
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This variety differs in the shorter ovate fruit, with a very
short beak, and hence more nearly round, compressed like the
other. The spikelets are also smaller, more distinctly ovate.
Grows with the other — also in Missouri. It was this variety
which was described by Willd, and to which the name was
given. Muh. as well as Schk. refer both the figs. in Schk.,
with propriety, to the same species.
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Literature Cited:
- Lunell, J., 1915.
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Lunell (1915, v. 4, n. 6, p. 235) ...
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227. Carex brevior (Dewey) Mackenzie, in ed.
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Carex stramina var. brevior Dewey, Am. Journ. Sci. II: 158. (1826).
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex deweyana;
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Carex deweyana Schwein. “Dewey sedge”
While one variety -- var. collectanea -- known from the province of Quebec is accepted by POWO, we do not accept infraspecific names in Colorado (Wingate, 2017; Ackerfield, 2022).
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Literature Cited:
- Schweinitz, Lewis D., 1824.
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Rev. Lewis D. de Schweinitz erected Carex deweyana in his analytical table to facilitate determination of North American carices.
He made no comment about the new name, nor did he identify it as such.
Today, we would call Schweinitz's table a dichotomous key.
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Literature Cited:
- Schweinitz, Lewis D., 1824.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex douglasii;
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Carex douglasii Boott “Douglas Sedge”
Synonyms per SEINet are : Carex douglasii var. densispicata Dewey, Carex douglasii var. minor,
Carex meekii, and Carex nuttallii.
Carex nuttallii was proposed by Schweinitz (1824) saying “… from Arkansas, Nutt. very near C. indica Schkur.,”
som maybe from a collection by Nuttall on his Arkansas expedition.
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Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
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Hooker (1839, Vol. 2, page 213) who introduced the section on Carex as follows,
“The following valuable list,
with characters and descriptions of new species of the British North American
Carices, is entirely the work of my inestimable friend Dr Boott.”
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40. C. Douglasii (Boott);
spica dioica! composita e spiculis subduodenis pluribusve
ovatis superioribus simplicibus arcte congestis inferioribus
remotiusculis interdum compositis,
stigmatibus 2,
perigyniis elliptico-lanceolatis rostratis bifidis squama lanceolata acuta brevioribus.
(Tab. CCXIV.)
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40. C. Douglasii (Boott);
spike dioecious! composed of several subduodenal spicules
upper ovate simple closely crowded lower
more remote sometimes compound,
stigmas 2,
perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, prostrate bifid, scales lanceolate acute, shorter.
(Tab. CCXIV.)
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Hab. N. W. Coast. Douglas. Rocky Mountains. Drummond.
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Habitat N. W. Coast. Douglas. Rocky Mountains. Drummond.
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Culmus vix pedalis, strictus, erectus, obtusangulus, glaberrimus, superne nudus.
Folia 1-1½ lin. lata, margine apiceque triangulari longe attenuata scabra, culmo paululum breviora.
Bractea setacea brevis, vel versus basin spice foliaceo-setacea eamque superans:
superiores squamaeformes mucronate.
Spica 15 lineas ad duas pollices longa, 6-9 lin. lata e spiculis simplicibus arcte congestis composita,
vel ad basin ramosa laxiorque.
Squamae castaneae lanceolatae acutae perigynio longiores.
Perigynium (floriferum) 2 lin. longum, 2/3 lin. latum,
elliptico-lanceolatum rostratum bifidum glabrum viride vel rostro subhispidulo ferrugineo, marginibus obtusis.
Achenium (immaturum) 4/9 lin. longum, ½ lin. latum, olivaceum.
Stylus exsertus, basi incrassato?
Stigma 2, longissima.
—
Stamina pluribus speciminibus omnino desunt.
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Culm barely pedal, strict, erect, obtuse-angled, glabrous, naked above.
Leaves 1-1½ lin. wide, margin and triangular apex long attenuated, scabrous, slightly shorter on the culm.
Bract setaceous short, or towards the base foliaceous-setaceous spike and surpassing it:
upper scales mucronate.
Spica 15 lines to two inches long, 6-9 lines wide composed of simple spikelets closely congested,
or branched and loose at the base.
Scales chestnut lanceolate acute perigynium longer.
Perigynium (floriferous) 2 lines long, 2/3 lines long wide,
elliptic-lanceolate, prostrate, bifid, glabrous, green or subhispid, rusty, with obtuse margins.
Achenium (immature) 4/9 lin. long, ½ lin. wide, olive.
Stylus exserted, thickened at the base?
Stigma 2, very long.
—
Stamens absent in many specimens.
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Tab. CCXIV. Fig. 1, Perigynium :—magnified.
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Tab. CCXIV. Fig. 1, Perigynium :—magnified.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex duriuscula;
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Carex duriuscula C.A. Mey. “Needleleaf Sedge”
(Syn: Carex stenophylla Wahlenb., Carex stenophylla Wahlenb. ssp. eleocharis (L. H. Bailey) Hultén)
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Literature Cited:
- Meyer, C A., 1831.
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Meyer (1831, p. 214-215) ... published a Carex from Kamchatka ...
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XVII.
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Carex duriuscula M. Tab. VIII.
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C. spicis in capitulum oblongum aggregatis androgymis apice masculis,
stigmatibus binis, perigyniis ovatis subcompressis subenervis glabris, margine
serrulatis, breviter rostellatis, ore integro hyalino, folüs angustis complicatis
culmoque trigono rigidulis rectis.
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Planta humilis, duas ad quatuor pollices alta.
Radix tenuis repens, radiculis fibrosis aucta.
Culmi dense caespitosi, rigidulhi, stricti, crassitie setae porcinae,
basi squamis et vagmis folüferis involuti, glabri,: apicem versus nudi, trigoni, striati et
interdum scabriusculi.
Folia pauca, linearia, angusta, (vix ⅓ lin. lata) complicata,
triquetro-acuminata, striata, scabra, rigidula, glaucescentia, recta, rarius parum incurvata,
culmum subaequantia, bi- vel tripollicaria; fasciculorum sterillum non raro culmos superantia.
Capitulum terminale, parvum, oblongum, tres lineas longum,
duas vix latum, e spiculis tibus vel quatuor compositum.
Spicae oblongae, pauciflorae, androgynae, superne masculae.
Flosculi masculi duo vel tres; feminei totidem.
Bracteae late ovatae, acutae, integrae, (nec emarginatae), rufae, margine lato scarioso cinctae;
infima plerumque mucrone brevi viridi scabriusculo terminata.
Glumae undique imbricatae, ovatae, femineae acutae, masculae obtusae;
omnes glabrae, laeves, rufae, margine lato scarioso et carina saturatiore apicem
ver sus parum scabra donatae.
Stamina tria. Filamenta capillaria, alba. Antherae lineares, apiculatae, flavae.
Perigynium obsolete nervosum, subovatum, utrinque attenuatum,
plano-convexum, superne margine serrulato-scabrum, cacterum laeve, glabrum, rostro brevi
oreque integro hyalino terminatum, glumam subaequans.
Germen oblongum. Stylus basi aequalis. Stigmata duo.
Caryopsis oblonga.
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Habitat in Kamtschatka. ♃.
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Sine dubio species propria, ita tamen affinis C. curvulae All., stenophyllae Wahlenb.,
Hostii Schk. et incurvae Lïghif. ut notis diagnosticis aegre ab illis
distinguatur.
C. curvula, habitu proxima, differt bracteis obcordatis et stigmatibus tribus;
C. stenophylla culmis acutangulis et perigynüis bidentatis;
C. Hostii culmis crassioribus altioribusque, folus latioribus, nec non perigyniüs bidentas;
C. incurva culmis crassioribus plus minusve incurvis, foluis latioribus,
capitulo ovato et glumis margine vix scariosis.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex inops heliophila;
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Carex inops L.H. Bailey ssp. heliophila (Mack.) Crins “Sun Sedge”
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Literature Cited:
- Bailey, L. H., 1886.
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Carex inops was published by L. H. Bailey (1886) from a collection by L. F. Henderson on sandy grounds on subalpine slopes of Mt. Hood,
Oregon, July, 1884. Described as being much like C. pennsylvanica and lacking the ribbed and hardened character of the perigynia
of that species and its allies, and the beak is straighter and more deeply cleft.
There is one voucher record online of an isotype (ORE17017) collected by L. F. Henderson, 24 July 1884,
with a locality of “[Clackamas or Hood River], Mt. Hood, alpine.”
No image available.
There is another voucher at Harvard (GH27273) labeled “Type” but dated 1885.
And possibly a third undated specimen (NY11164).
These appear to be substantially larger than the subspecies we see here in Colorado.
.
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Literature Cited:
- Mackenzie, Kenneth K., 1913.
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Carex heliophila was described by Mackenzie (1913) from a specimen he collected on the open prairie,
near Lee's Summit, Jackson County, Missouri, on May 9, 1897.
The voucher is now at NY (NY11144).
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Literature Cited:
- Crins, W. J., and Peter W. Ball, 1983.
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Crins and Ball (1983)
in a morphological analysis of the Carex pensylvanica complex
reduced C. heliophila to a subspecies of C. inops.
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The Carex pensylvanica complex consists of four North American taxa.
Morphological variation patterns within the complex were examined using principal-components analysis and discriminant-functions analysis.
These results indicate that two eastern species, C. lucorum Willdenow ex Link, and C. pensylvanica Lamarck,
and one western species, C. inops Bailey, should be recognized.
The latter species comprises two subspecies, C. inops subsp. inops
and C. inops subsp. heliophila (Mackenzie) Crins, comb. nov.
Cytological and geographical evidence lend support to this classification.
A key and distribution maps for the taxa are provided.
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Literature Cited:
- Roalson, E. H., and E. A. Friar, 2004.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
homoplastic;
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Roalson and Friar (2004) in a phylogenetic analysis of Carex section Acrocystis
included two collections representing the C. pensylvanica complex.
They were
C. inops subsp. heliophila and C. lucorum var. lucorum.
The two taxa do not form a monophyletic group although they were distantly in the same clade.
The primary character supporting the grouping of the
C. pensylvanica complex is the presence of
long rhizomes, however, it appears this character might be homoplastic.
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Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Carex leptalea;
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Carex leptalea Wahlenberg “bristle-stalk sedge”
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Literature Cited:
- Wahlenberg, Georg, 1803.
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Published by Wahlenberg (1803) from letters by Willdenow and a specimen in the herbarium Cl. Torneri.
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3. C. leptalea:
fpica pauciflora fubfparfiflora, floribus diftigmaticis,
capfulis oblongo-ellipticis emarginatis;
foliis anguftisfimis.
C. polytrichoides Willden. in litteris ad Cel. Svartz.
Hab. in America boreali, fecundum herbarium Cl. Torneri.
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3. C. leptalea:
A few-flowered, semi-evergreen plant, with dichotomous flowers,
oblong-elliptic emarginate caps;
narrow-leaved leaves.
C. polytrichoides Willden. in letters to Cel. Svartz.
Habitat in boreal America, according to the herbarium of the esteemed Olof Toren.
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According to ChatGPT (17 March 2026) “Cl. Torneri” refers to Olof Toren (1718-1753) a Swedish clergyman and naturalist, and one of the so-called apostles of Carl Linnaeus.
Torén’s importance comes from his overseas voyages.
He served as a chaplain with the Swedish East India Company and
made voyages (c. 1750–1752) to India and China,
where he collected plants and sent specimens and observations back to Linnaeus
His letters — published posthumously — contain botanical and agricultural observations from Asia and were considered valuable enough that Linnaeus edited and circulated them.
In the appellation, "Cl. Torneri," "Cl." means Clarissimi (or Clarissimus), meaning “the very distinguished” or “the esteemed.”
“Torneri” is the Latinized genitive of a surname, so Toren would be Latinized to Tornerus and placed in the genitive "Torneri."
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Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl L., 1797-1830.
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Published by Willdenow (Tomus Iv, Pars 1. 1805, p. 213) as C. polytrichoides.
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*12. CAREX polytrichoides.
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C. fpica androgyna fimplici fuperne atteniata mafcula,
ftigmatibus tribus, fructibus oblongo-lanceolatis
compreffo-triquetris obtifis emarginatis, fquamis oblongis
obtifis mucronatis. W.
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| Muhlenberg in litt. Schk. caric. t. Iii. fig. 158.
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C. (leptalea) fpica pauciflora fubfparfiflora, floribus diftigmaticis,
capfulis oblongo-ellipticis emarginatis,
foliis anguftiffimis.
Wahlenb. Act. holm. 1803. p. 139.
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Wiederthonformige Segge. W.
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Habitat in Penfylvania. ♃ (v. f.)
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Stigmata tria nec duo adfunt. W.
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Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
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Published by Pursh (1814) as C. polytrichoides.
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29. C. spica simplici, fructibus oblongo-lanceolatis compresso
triquetris obtusis emarginatis, squamis oblongis obtusis mucronatis.
Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 213.
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polytrichoides.
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C. leptalea. Wahlb. act. holm. 1803. p. 139.
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C. microstachya. Mich. fl. amer. 2. p. 169.
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Icon. Schk. car. t. lii. f. 138.
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In low wet places: Pensylvania, &c. ♃ June. v. v.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex nebrascensis;
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Carex nebrascensis Dewey “Nebraska Sedge”
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Literature Cited:
- Dewey, C., 1854.
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Dewey (1854) in a continuation of his Caricography proposes
without an explanation of its sources
or distribution.
Many of his other names include distribution or collection information.
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No. 244. C. nebrascencis, Dew.
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Spicis 4-6;
staminiferis binis apicem approximatis oblongis
brevibus densis, inferiore sessili parva, cum squamis oblongis subobtusis ;
pistilliferis 2-4, oblongis brevi-cylindraceis densifloris, superioribus apice staminiferis sessilibus, inferiore brevi-pedunculata;
bracteis lancelatis sessilibus culmum aequantibus;
fructibus distigmaticis convexis obovatis vel ellipticus basin teretibus brevi-apiculatis ore sub-bilobis,
squama ovata acuta vel lanceolata paulo breviosibus:
culmo acute triquetro laevi basin foliato.
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Culm 1-2 feet high, usually 16-20 inches, sharp triquetrous,
smooth, scarcely rough between the spikes, with lanceolate leaves
towards the base shorter than the culm and soft, glabrous,
serrulate on the edges, and with sessile bracts under the spikes as long
as or longer than the culm above; staminate spikes two, oblong,
close-flowered, short, lower one very short and sessile, with oblong
and acutish scales; pistilate spikes 2-4, usually three, short, oblong,
thick erect, rarely an inch long, cylindric, densely flowered,
sub-approximate, two upper sessile and often staminate at the
apex, the lowest short pedunculate; stigmas two; fruit elliptic
or obovate, slightly tapering at the base, short rostrate or round-
apiculate, entire of sub-bilobed at the orifice, glabrous and double
convex; pistillate scale ovate, acute, or mucronate, sometimes
lanceolate, narrower and once and a half longer than the fruit,
tawny with a white line on the back.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex occidentalis;
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Carex occidentalis L. H. Bailey “Western Sedge”
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Literature Cited:
- Bailey, L. H., 1889.
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L. H. Bailey (1889, v. 1, p. 14) ...
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18.—Carex occidentalis.
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C. muricata, Olney, Bot. King's Rep. 362, in part (1871);
W. Boott, Bot. Wheeler's Surv. 277 (1878);
Bailey, Coulter's Man. 390 (1885).
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C. muricata L., var. Americana, Bailey, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. xxii. 140 (1886).
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Glaucous; leaves narrower than in the last, and relatively
longer; spikes more or less scattered into a very slender head
an inch or so long, the lowest one or two usually wholly
distinct; bracts scale-like, inconspicuous; perigynum larger
than in the last, turgid-ovate, abruptly short-beaked, nearly marginless
and often smooth; scales muticous.
(239c.)
Mountains, Montana to Arizona.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex praegracilis;
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Carex praegracilis W. Boott “Clustered Field-Sedge”
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Literature Cited:
- Boott, William, 1884.
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Boott (1884) ...
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CAREX PREGRACILIS,sp.n. Culmis (ima parte et foliis culmeis
deficientibus) 26 poll. longis, strictis tenuissimis, lateribus vix ½ lineam
latis, angulis acutis spurascabris. Foliis sterilibus attenuato filiformibus,
convolutis, sectione transversa perfecte circulari. Spica
ferruginea oblongo-lineari, ½ poll. longa, e spiculus 3-4 contiguis
sessilibus, suprema majore claviformi basi mascula, caeteris femineis
ellipticis paucifloris. Bracteis e basi ovata, margine hyalina
complectente, attenuato aristatis, aristis scabris, subexcurvis spiculis
longioribus, culmo plerumque brevioribus.
Squamis bracteis
conformibus, marginibus latioribus, aristis brevioribus, perigynia
tegentibus.
Perigyniis cartilagineis ferrugineis, basi pallidis, glabris,
ovatis, accuminato rostratis substipitatis 1½ lin. longis, ¾ lin.
latis, rostro antice alte fisso, fissurae marginibus albidis, facie exeriore
convexis, faciei interioris marginibus incurvis, supra serratis ;
obscure nervatis.
Achenium castaneum rotundo-ovatum biconvexum
perigynium implens.
Stigmata duo, stylus inclusus.
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San Diego, California, Miss Scott, 1880.
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Stem (the lower part and stem leaves wanting) 26 in. high,
straight and slender, scarcely half a line broad on the side,
the sharp angles rough above. Sterile leaves thread-like, convolute,
the cross section exactly circular. Spike ferruginous,
oblong linear, ½-inch long, of 3-4 contiguous, sessile spikelets, the
uppermost club-shaped, male at base, the others elliptical, female,
few-flowered. Bracts from an ovate hyaline-margined base which
encircles the stem, tapering to rough, somewhat spreading awns,
that are longer than their spikelets and commonly shorter than
the stems. Scales similar to the bracts, with broader margins
and shorter awns, covering the perigynia. Perigynia cartilaginous,
ferruginous, pale at base, glabrous, ovate, acuminate-beaked,
above ; obscurely nerved. Nut chestnut, round-ovate, biconvex,
filling the perigynium. Stigma, 2. Style included.
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Resembling C. glareosa, Wahl., but a much taller plant, with
very different bracts, scales and fruit.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Carex stipata;
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Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. “Saw Beaked Sedge”
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Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl L., 1797-1830.
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Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 4(1): 233 (1805).
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*54. CAREX ftipata.
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C. fpica androgyna compofita, fpiculis fubquinis oblongis
fuperne mafculis aggregatis, ftigmatibus binis,
fructibus patentibus ovatis acuminatis bicufpidatis
convexo-planis nervofis, culmo triquetro afperrimo, W.
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Carex ftipata. Muhlenb. in litt. Schk. caric. t. Hhh. fig. 152.
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Gedrangte Segge. W.
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Habitat in Penfylvania. ♃ (v. f.)
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Culmus fesquipedalis erectus acute triquetrus margine
afperrimus, praefertim fuperne.
Folia graminea lata margine fcabriufcula.
Spiculae 4f.5 in apice culmi coarctatae,
infima bractea brevi filiformi fuffulta.
Fructus fere C. vulpinae. W.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cyperus squarrosus;
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Cyperus squarrosus L. “Bearded Flatsedge”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eleocharis acicularis;
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Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. “Needle Spikerush”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eleocharis compressa;
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Eleocharis compressa Sull. “Flatstem Spikerush”
(Syn: Eleocharis elliptica Kunth var. compressa (Sull.) Drapalik & Mohlenbr.)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eleocharis macrostachya;
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Eleocharis macrostachya Britton “Common Spike-Rush”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eleocharis palustris;
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Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. “Common Spikerush”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Eleocharis quinqueflora;
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Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz
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Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer “Dwarf Spikerush”
(Syn: Eleocharis coloradoensis (Britton) Gilly)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Schoenoplectus americanus;
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Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller “Chairmaker's Bullrush”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Schoenoplectus lacustris;
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Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla “Lakeshore Bulrush”
(Syn: Scirpus lacustris L. )
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Schoenoplectus pungens;
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Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla “Threesquare”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani;
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Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla “Softstem Bulrush”
(Syn: Scirpus lacustris L. var. validus (Vahl) Kük., Scirpus validus Vahl)
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Scirpus pallidus;
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Scirpus pallidus (Britt.) Fern. “Cloaked Bulrush”
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Literature Cited:
- Britton, Nathaniel Lord, 1889.
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Britton (1889, v. 9, p. 14) ...
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Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl. var. pallidus, n. var.
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Whole plant pale, including the inflorescence, which is composed
of larger heads than in the type, and is more contracted;
glumes more squarrose. A well-marked variety, but I am so far
unable to detect further differences. The achenium is exactly
like that of the eastern plant. Indian Territory (E. Palmer,
No. 358, 1868); Mitchell Co., Kansas (M. A. Carleton, 1886);
Hitchcock Co., Neb. (H. J. Webber, 1888).
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Literature Cited:
- Fernald, M. L., 1906.
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Fernald (1906, v. 8, p. 163) ...
|
S. pallidus (Britton), n. comb.
Similar: leaves very pale: spikelets pale brown, very numerous in irregular glomerules:
scales elliptic=ovate, 2 to 3 mm. long with conspicuous pale midrib prolonged into lond setulose awns,
about twice as long as the achenes.
—
S. atrovirens, var. pallidus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. sci. ix. 14 (1889)
—
Manitoba to Kansas and the Rocky Mountain.
|
| |
|
Araceae Juss. — Arum Family
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Lemna minor;
|
Lemna minor L. “Common Duckweed”
| |
|
Commelinaceae Mirbel, nom. cons. — Spiderwort Family
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Tradescantia occidentalis;
|
Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) Smyth “Prairie Spiderwort”
| |
|
Juncaceae A. L. Juss. — Rush Family
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus arcticus;
|
Juncus arcticus (Willd.)Trautv. “Arctic Rush”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus arcticus var. balticus;
|
Juncus arcticus (Willd.) Trautv. var. balticus (Willd.) Trautv. “Arctic Rush”
(Syn: Juncus arcticus (Willd.) Trautv. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Hultén, J. ater Rydb., J. balticus Willd., J. balticus Willd. ssp. ater (Rydb.) Snogerup, J. balticus Willd. var. montanus Engelm.)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus articulatus;
|
Juncus articulatus L. “Joint-Leaf Rush”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus bufonius;
|
Juncus bufonius L. “Toad Rush”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus compressus;
|
Juncus compressus Jacq. “Roundfruit Rush”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus interior;
|
Juncus interior Wiegand “Inland Rush”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Wiegand, K. M., 1900.
Locations:
Encampment River.
|
Wiegand (1900, v. 27, p. 516-517) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
5. Juncus interior sp. nov.
|
|
|
Tall and rather stout (5-10 dm. high), light green : stem
erect, nearly terete, coarsely grooved : leaves several, about one
third length of culm, blades narrow (1-1.25 mm. wide), flat or involute :
sheaths nearly all blade-bearing, large and loose, margin
and short rounded auricles membranous, often slightly yellowish :
inflorescence large and open, very many flowered, 3-10 cm. long,
branches conspicuously ascending : flowers distant and scattered,
not secund, pale stramineous : bracts commonly two, exceeding
the inflorescence : bracteoles acuminate : perianth 3-4 mm. long,
its parts nearly equal, broadly subulate, very acute, scarious margin
narrow, extending on the inner to the tip, all appressed or
erect : stamens one half the length of the perianth : anthers short-oblong,
much shorter than the filaments : styles very short : capsule
oblong or rarely ovate-oblong, obtuse, barely apiculate,
equaling the perianth ; placentae not quite meeting at the axis except
at the ends : seeds oblong, rather small (.35-.50 × .14-.17
mm.), apiculate at both ends, shallowly areolate.
|
|
|
Illinois to Wyoming, in dry woods and prairies.
|
|
|
Specimes (sic) examined :
|
|
|
Illinois: Richmond (Vasey in Gray Herb.; type), between
Urbana and Centralia (Vasey), Athens (E. Hall, — June. Bor. Am.
Engelm. no. 21); Illinois Dr. Mead, no. 23.
|
|
|
Wyoming : Grand Enchantment Creek (A. Nelson, no. 3982, 1897).
| The correct name is “Grand Encampment Creek”
as this can be clearly read on the image of the voucher.
The current name is the Encampment River.
|
|
Juncus interior has previously constituted the main part of the
so-called J. secundus of the Mississippi valley. Closer observation
shows however that it is quite distinct as well in structure as in
area of distribution. J. secundus is always a slender plant with
rather close sheaths, while the present species is commonly tall and
stout with much broader sheaths. The two species also differ in
the larger inflorescence of the latter, with larger flowers which are
not secund, shorter anthers and more oblong capsule. The bracts
also much exceed the inflorescence, while in J. secundus they
usually do not.
|
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Juncus torreyi;
|
Juncus torreyi Coville “Torrey's Rush”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Coville, Frederick Vernon, 1895.
|
Coville (1895, v. 22, p. 303) ...
|
* After examing a large number of herbarium specimens and observing both
plants in the field for several years, I am convinced that Torrey's Juncus nodosus
megacephalus does not intergrade with J. nodosus proper. In view of the earlier
Juncus megacephalus of Curtis, Torrey's plant is naned as follows:
|
|
Juncus Torreyi
|
Juncus nodosus var. megacephalus Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 326. 1843.
|
| Juncus megacephalus Wood, Classbook Bot. Ed. 2: 724. 1861. Not Curtis.
|
| |
|
Liliaceae — Lily Family
| |
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Watson, 1871, 40th Parallel, publication details;
|
Calochortus gunnisonii S. Watson “Gunnison's Mariposa Lily”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Torrey, John, and Asa Gray, 1855.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Torrey & Gray, 1855. Pac. R. R. Rep.;
|
Torrey & Gray (1855) in their report on the Botany of Gunnison's expedition,
note a Calochortus that they referred to an unknown variety of C. venustus.
|
Calochortus venustus,
Benth. in Hort. Trans, (n. s.) 1, p. 412, t. 15,/. 2, var ?: sepals
erect; petals obovate, bearded and without a spot below the middle, purple at the base.
Grows under trees on high mountains. Utah. Stem 2-3-flowered. Leaves grass-like, about
two lines wide. Flowers nearly 3 inches in diameter. Sepals lanceolate, striate with purple
veins externally. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, the upper half white, pale yellow-ish
green lower down, where the inside is bearded with longish gland-tipped hairs, which are
dark purple at the base. Near the base the hairs are more numerous, and form a transverse
tuft; at the very bottom the claw is dark purple. Differs from G. venustus in its much
narrower and less bearded petals, and in wanting the red spot above the middle.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1871.
Other articles:
• Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2901, 21 Jul 2022;
|
Watson (1871, p. 348) ...
|
Calochortus Gunnisoni. (C. venustus, Var. ?, Torr. Bot. Gunnison's
Rep., Pac. R. R. Surv. 2. 130.) Habit as in the last ; petals rounded
at the apex, white above, yellowish-green below the middle and dark-purple
at base, strongly bearded with longish gland-tipped hairs, which are also dark-purple
at base, the densely hairy gland transverse and occupying nearly the
whole width of the petal; anthers 5" long, rather exceeding the somewhat
dilated filaments, oblong-lanceolate, subcordate at base, narrowed above into
an awn-like termination or acute ; immature capsule narrowly oblong, attenuate
above. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Collected also in Utah by
Gunnison.
|
| |
|
Lilium philadelphicum L. “Wood Lily”
| |
|
Prosartes trachycarpa S. Watson “Roughfruit Fairybells”
| |
|
Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. “Clasping Twitedstalk”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, and Agustin de Candolle, 1815.
|
Lamarck and DeCandolle (1815, t. 3, p. 174)
| Original Text
| Interpreted Text
|
|
CCXI. STREPTOPE. STREPTOPUS.
|
CCXI. STREPTOPE. STREPTOPUS.
|
|
Streptopus. Michaux. — Uvularia. Hall. — Uvulariae sp. Linn.
|
Streptopus. Michaux. — Uvularia. Hall. — Uvulariae sp. Linn.
|
|
Car.
Le périgone est divisé profondément en six lanières
munies à la base interne d’une cavité nectarifère ; les anthères
sont plus longues que les filamens ; le fruit est une baie lisse à
enveloppe mince.
|
Car.
The perigone is deeply divided into six strips
provided at the internal base with a nectariferous cavity; the anthers
are longer than the filaments; the fruit is a smooth berry with
thin envelope.
|
|
Obs.
Ce genre , confondu par Linné avec l’uvulaire , mais
don’t les anciens botarnstes connoissoient bien l’organisation ,
n’appartient pas même à la famille des liliacées , don’t l’uvulaire
fait partie; il en diffère par son fruit qui est une baie, par
ses stigmates très-courts , et par ses graines don’t la cicatricule
est dépourvue d’arille ; toutes les espèces ont le pédicelle courbé
ou tortillé dans le milieu.
|
Observation.
This genus, confused by Linnaeus with the uvular, but
the organization of which the former botanists knew well,
does not even belong to the Liliaceae family, of which the uvular
is part of; it differs from it by its fruit which is a berry, by
its very short stigmata, and by its seeds, the scar of which
is devoid of aril; all species have curved pedicel
or twisted in the middle.
|
|
1856. Streptope embrassant. Streptopus amplexifolius;
|
1856. Streptope embrassant. Streptopus amplexifolius;
|
|
Uvularia amplexifolia. Llnn. spec. 436. —
Streptopus distortusi. Michaux. Fl. bor. am. i. p. 200.—
Uvularia amplexicaulis. Delarb. FI. auv. 213.—
Barr. t. 719 et 720.
|
Uvularia amplexifolia. Llnn. spec. 436. —
Streptopus distortusi. Michaux. Fl. bor. am. i. p. 200.—
Uvularia amplexicaulis. Delarb. FI. auv. 213.—
Barr. t. 719 et 720.
|
|
Sa tige est haute de 5 décim. , rameuse , feuillée et cylindrique ;
ses feuilles sont alternes , embrassantes , pointues ,
lisses et nerveuses ; ses fleurs sont petites , pendantes , solitaires
et attachées à des pédoncules courbés dans leur milieu , et qui
naissent à la base des feuilles; leur périgone est campanulé , et
composé de six divisions lancéolées , distinguées chacune par une
petite fossette à leur base intérieure : les étamines sont très-courtes;
le fruit est une baie qui devient rougeâtre en mûrissant.
♃
|
Its stem is 5 decimeters high. , branched , leafy and cylindrical ;
its leaves are alternate, embracing, pointed,
smooth and sinewy; its flowers are small, hanging, solitary
and attached to peduncles curved in the middle, and which
arise at the base of the leaves; their perigone is bell-shaped, and
composed of six lanceolate divisions, each distinguished by a
small dimple at their inner base: the stamens are very short;
the fruit is a berry that turns reddish as it ripens.
|
|
On trouve cette plante dans les Alpes; les Pyrénées ;
Je Jura; au Mont-d’Or ( Lemonn. ) , etc.; dans les montagnes
du Forêt (Latour.). On la connoît vulgairement sous les noms
de sceau de Salomon rameux , laurier alexandrin des Alpes ,
noms qui indiquent sa place dans l’ordre naturel.
|
This plant is found in the Alps; the Pyrenees ;
the Jura mountains; at Mont-d'Or (Lemonn.), etc.; in the mountains
of the Forest (Latour.). It is commonly known by the names
of branching Solomon's seal, Alexandrian laurel of the Alps,
names that indicate its place in the natural order.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Smilax lasioneuron;
|
Smilax lasioneuron Hook. “Blue Ridge Carrionflower”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Hooker, Sir William Jackson, 1829-1840.
|
Smilax lasioneuron Hook., Fl. Bor.-Amer. (Hooker) 2(10): 173 (1838).
|
3. S. lasioneuron ; herbacea subsimplex, caule inermi erecto
subscandente siccitate angulato, foliis cordato-rotundatis obtusis cum
acuminulo 9-nerviis supra glaberrimis
subtus subglaucescentibus nervulis pilosis,
pedunculis petiolum parum superantibus folio
multo brevioribus, umbella multiflora. (Tab CLXXXVII. A.)
|
|
Hab. Carlton House Fort on the Saskatchawan. Dr Richardson.
—
This is an herbaceous species, and
allied to the last, though truly distinct,
not only in the form of the leaves,
and the downiness of the undersurface,
but in the comparatively very short peduncles.
|
|
Tab. CLXXXVII. A. S. Lasioneuron. Fig. 1, Flower.
|
| |
|
Gray, Asa. 1867. 5th ed. Manual of the botany of the northern United States : including the district east of the Mississippi and north of North Carolina and Tennessee, arranged according to the natural system.
p. 520
|
9. S. herbacea, L. (Carrion-Flower.)
Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ;
leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7—9-nerved,
smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting;
peduncles elongated (3'-4' long, or sometimes even 6'-8', and much longer than the leaves),
20-40-flowered.
—
Var. PULVERULENTA (S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.)
has the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath.
A shorter-peduncled state of this appears to be S. lasioneuron, Hook.
—
Moist meadows and river-banks: common. June.
—
Very variable, 1°-3°, or even 6°-8° high: petioles 1'-3' long.
Seeds 6.
|
| |
|
Melanthiaceae
| |
|
Melanthiaceae Borkh.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar, 1797.
|
Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar, 1760-1806. Botanical Dictionary : or, an attempt at an explanation of the most important terms and artificial words in botany. Vol. 2, p. 8.
|
Melanthia Batfch.
Die 37te von Batfchens Familien, movon folgenber Character angegeben mirb:
Calyx nullus.
Corolla hexapetala, patens, petalis coriaceis.
Germina tria monoftyla, faepe connata, ftylis diftinctia.
Pericarpium triplex, vel triloculare.
Folliculis introrfum dehiscentibus.
Hierber geboren die Gattungen Veratrum.
|
(Germ.) Melanthia Batfch.
The 37th of Batfchen's families, whose character is given below:
(Latin) Calyx none.
Corolla six-petaled, open, with leathery petals.
Buds three monostyly, often connate, with distinct phyllaries.
Pericarp three- or three-locular.
Follicles dehiscing inwards.
(Germ.) The genera Veratrum were born here.
|
Batsch was August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German naturalist. He was a recognised authority on mushrooms, and also described new species of ferns, bryophytes, and seed plants.
Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (3 December 1760, Giessen – 30 November 1806, Darmstadt) was a German naturalist and forester. He took part in the production of Teutsche Ornithologie oder Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Teutschlands in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und Beschreibungen by Johann Conrad Susemihl.
He received his education in Giessen, and in 1796 started work as an assessor at the forestry office in Darmstadt. In 1800, he attained the title of Kammerrat, followed by a role as counselor at the Oberforsthaus Collegium in 1804.
As a botanist, he was the taxonomic author of Alliaceae and Asclepiadaceae as well as the circumscriber of numerous plant genera and species.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar, 1797.
|
Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar, 1760-1806. Botanical Dictionary : or, an attempt at an explanation of the most important terms and artificial words in botany. Vol. 2, p. 8.
|
Melanthia Batfch.
Die 37te von Batfchens Familien, movon folgenber Character angegeben mirb:
Calyx nullus.
Corolla hexapetala, patens, petalis coriaceis.
Germina tria monoftyla, faepe connata, ftylis diftinctia.
Pericarpium triplex, vel triloculare.
Folliculis introrfum dehiscentibus.
Hierber geboren die Gattungen Veratrum.
|
(Germ.) Melanthia Batfch.
The 37th of Batfchen's families, whose character is given below:
(Latin) Calyx none.
Corolla six-petaled, open, with leathery petals.
Buds three monostyly, often connate, with distinct phyllaries.
Pericarp three- or three-locular.
Follicles dehiscing inwards.
(Germ.) The genera Veratrum were born here.
|
Batsch was August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German naturalist. He was a recognised authority on mushrooms, and also described new species of ferns, bryophytes, and seed plants.
Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (3 December 1760, Giessen – 30 November 1806, Darmstadt) was a German naturalist and forester. He took part in the production of Teutsche Ornithologie oder Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Teutschlands in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und Beschreibungen by Johann Conrad Susemihl.
He received his education in Giessen, and in 1796 started work as an assessor at the forestry office in Darmstadt. In 1800, he attained the title of Kammerrat, followed by a role as counselor at the Oberforsthaus Collegium in 1804.
As a botanist, he was the taxonomic author of Alliaceae and Asclepiadaceae as well as the circumscriber of numerous plant genera and species.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003.
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV, 2016.
|
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (2003) placed Melanthiaceae at the rank of Family within Liliales.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Zomlefer, Wendy B., Walter S. Judd, W. Mark Whitten, Norris H. Williams, 2006.
|
Zomlefer, et al., 2006 published a synopsis of Melanthiaceae. They also recognize Toxicoscordion.
| |
|
Anticlea Kunth
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rydberg, Per Axel, 1903.
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Anticlea elegans, Rydberg, 1903;
|
Rydberg. 1903. Some Generic Segregations.
|
ANTICLEA Kunth.
|
|
This genus was established on A. Sibirica and A. glauca with
A. Mexicana added as a doubtful species. A. Sibirica, the first
one mentioned, must be regarded as the type. It differs somewhat
from our American species, especially in the narrow somewhat
recurved petals and sepals and the narrow glands, but these differences
are rather unimportant and do not warrant any generic
separation. The genus is characterized by a membranous coated
bulb, linear glabrous leaves, greenish or yellowish-white flowers,
withering persistent petals and sepals, which are adnate to the base
of the ovary and bear a single obcordate gland ; free stamens and
a partly inferior ovary. The species are:
|
|
1. A. Sibirica (L.) Kunth, Enum. 4: 191. 1843;
Melanthium Sibiricum L. Sp. Pl. 339. 1753;
Zygadenus Sibiricus Kunth, Enum. 4: 192, as synonym.
|
|
2. A. chlorantha (Richards.);
Z. chloranthus Richardson, Frankl. Journ. 736. 1821;
Z. commutatus Schultes, Syst. 7: 1560. 1830;
Z. glaucus Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phila. II. 7: 56. 1834;
Anticlea glauca Kunth, Enum. 4: 192. 1843.
|
|
3. A. virescens (H.B.K.);
Helonias virescens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 267. 1816;
A. Mexicana Kunth, Enum. 4: 193. 1843;
Z. Mexicanus Hemsl. Biol. Cent. Am. 3: 382. 1885.
|
|
4. A. elegans (Pursh);
Z. elegans Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 241, 1814.
|
|
5. A. Coloradensis ;
Z. Coloradensis Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club, 27: 534. 1900.
|
|
6. A. porrifolia (Greene);
Z. porrifolius Greene, Bull. Torrey Club 8: 123. 1881.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Notes on Colorado Flora:
Anticlea elegans;
|
Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb. “Mountain Death Camas”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
Locations:
Lewis and Clark Pass.
|
Pursh. 1814. Vol. 1., p. 241.
|
2. Z. scapo subnudo, bracteis linearibus, petalis acutis.
|
elegans.
|
|
On the waters of Cokahlaishkit river, near the Rocky-mountains.
M. Lewis. ♃. July.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers white.
|
|
|
Folia radicalia, erecta, longissime-linearia, glabra, lineato-nervosa, plana, scapo breviora.
Scapus teres, simplex, uno alterove folio brevi instructus, subbipedalis.
Racemus multiflorus, interdum basi ramosus.
Bracteae lineares, nervosae, membranaceae, longitudine pedicellorum.
Flores albidi, magnitude Menanthis virginici.
Petala ovata, acuta, subunguiculata, basi glandulis 2. cinnabarinis notata.
Filamenta corolla breviora.
Stigmata 3, reflexa.
|
|
Per Moulton (1999), collected on the Blackfoot (Cokahlaishkit) River, in the vicinity of Lewis and Clark Pass, Lewis and Clark County, Montana, July 7, 1806.
| |
Other articles:
• Taxa Notes:
Notes on Anticlea, Rydberg, 1903;
|
Rydberg. 1903. Some Generic Segregations.
See entire Rydberg article above.
|
...
|
|
4. A. elegans (Pursh);
Z. elegans Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 241, 1814.
|
|
...
|
| |
|
Zigadenus Michx.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds., 2013.
|
FNANM (Vol. 26, 2003) retains Zigadenus in Liliaceae
and places Toxicoscordion in synonomy.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittmann (2012) write ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
...
It is interesting to note that,
even without any knowledge of the modern evidence for segregation
of [Melanthiaceae] and other lily-like families,
Rydberg presented essentially the same arrangement
in his book on the Rocky Mountain flora,
but the taxonomic establishment did not follow him.
|
They go on to recognize one species of Toxicoscordion in
Colorado, T. venenosum and place T. gramineum and
T. paniculatum in synonomy.
Any Toxicoscordion collected in Colorado and identified with Weber & Wittman (2012) will be T. venenosum.
This is somewhat the same issue as with Eriogonum arcuatum and E. flavum.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Toxicoscordion paniculatum;
|
Toxicoscordion paniculatum Rydb. “Foothill Death Camas”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a.
|
Nuttall (1834a) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
108. Helonias *paniculata.
Monoica, scapo inferne folioso paniculato,
superne infra apicem fructifero,
bracteis membranaceis acuminatis,
petalis lanceolato-oblongis,
staminibus exsertis, antheris aureis.
|
|
|
♃
Root bulbous?
Leaves lanceolate-linear and acute.
The scape shortly branched below,
the branches subtended by short membrabaceous leaves.
The flowers yellowish-white;
below the summit of the panicle or raceme arise the fertile flowers upon long peduncles.
Styles three, contiguous.
Stamens exserted, the anthers bright yellow.
|
|
|
Hab.
In the Kamas prairie, near Flat-Head river.
Flowering in June.
|
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1871.
|
Watson (1871, p. 343) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
Zigadenus paniculatus.
(Helonias, Nutt.
Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray, Var. β., l. c.)
Stem rather stout, 15-30' high, somewhat leafy;
leaves sheathing at base,
(even the 1-2 uppermost bract-like ones,)
broad-linear, 4-8" wide, rough-margined and roughish-puberulent on both sides,
folded-carinate and mostly falcate ;
eaceme panicled, many-flowered, the lower branches spreading,
short, the terminal ones elongated, (3-10';)
flowers on slender pedicels,
often sterile and short-pedicelled in the lower racemes;
bracts membranous,
sepals 1-2" long, oblong, abruptly somewhat narrowed at the base,
the rather broad claw green and glandular ;
ovary-cells about 10-ovuled ;
capsule oblong-ovate or oblong, ½-1' long ;
seeds 3-5" long, oblong.
—
an examination of numerous specimens leaves no doubt
of the distinctness of these two species.
Bulb as in the last, but usually larger,
the whole plant stout, growing on dry foothills,
and in flower a month earlier.
The root of neither species is eaten by the Indians.
Oregon and Washington Territory.
Frequent on the foot-hills of the Virginia, Trinity, and
West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the Wahsatch ;
5-6,000 feet altitude ; May, June. (1,164.)
|
The “last” is Zigadenus nuttallii A. Gray.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1879.
|
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
6. Z. paniculatus, Watson.
Very similar : usually stout:
leaves 3 to 8 lines broad,
usually all sheathing :
raceme compound :
perianth-segments deltoid, acute or acuminate, with a short claw ;
gland less deifinitely margined,
often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade :
fruiting pedicels spreading :
capsule ½ to 1 inch :
seeds 3 to 5 lines long.
—
King's Rep. 5. 344.
Amianthum Nuttallii, var. β, Gray, Rev. Melanth. 121.
Helonias paniculata, Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad. 7. 57.
California (east slope of Sierra Nevada) and Idaho to Utah
and the Sackatchewan (sic).
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
In the key to Zigadenus paniculatus,
Ackerfield (2015) writes:
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
...
Zigadenus paniculatus var. venenosus (S. Watson) Ackerfield
occurs to the west of Colorado
...
|
Ackerfield (2015) then recognizes Z. paniculatus var. paniculatus and var. gramineus.
| |
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Toxicoscordion venenosum Watson “Meadow Death Camas”
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
5. Z. venenosus.
Stem slender, ½ to 2 feet high :
leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing :
raceme simple, short, with narrow scarious bracts :
perianth free from the ovary ;
segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish,
2 or 3 lines long,
all abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw,
the blade rounded or subcordate at base ;
gland extending slightly above the claw with a well-defined irregular margin :
stamens somewhat adnate to the claw :
pedicels suberect in fruit :
capsule 4 to 6 lines long :
seeds 1½ to 2½ lines long.
—
California (Monterey and Mariposa Counties)
to British Columbia and east to Utah and Idaho.
Bulb poisonous.
The Coast Range form is usually stouter,
with a larger occasionally compound raceme.
Hitherto referred to the last species.
|
The “last species” is Z. paniculatus.
|
| |
Literature Cited:
- Watson, Sereno, 1879.
|
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
5. Z. venenosus.
Stem slender, ½ to 2 feet high :
leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing :
raceme simple, short, with narrow scarious bracts :
perianth free from the ovary ;
segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish,
2 or 3 lines long,
all abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw,
the blade rounded or subcordate at base ;
gland extending slightly above the claw with a well-defined irregular margin :
stamens somewhat adnate to the claw :
pedicels suberect in fruit :
capsule 4 to 6 lines long :
seeds 1½ to 2½ lines long.
—
California (Monterey and Mariposa Counties)
to British Columbia and east to Utah and Idaho.
Bulb poisonous.
The Coast Range form is usually stouter,
with a larger occasionally compound raceme.
Hitherto referred to the last species.
|
The “last species” is Z. paniculatus.
|
| |
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Alliaceae Borkh., Bot. Wörterb. 1: 15 (1797), nom. cons.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Allium cernuum;
|
Allium cernuum Roth, Arch. Bot. [Leipzig] 1(3): 40 (1798). “Nodding Onion”
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Literature Cited:
- Roth, Alberto Guilielmo, 1797-1806.
- Roth, Alberto Guilielmo, 1798.
- Willdenow, Carl Ludwig, 1809.
|
Allium cernuum was described by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth (1757 - 1834),
a physician and botanist born in Dötlingen, Germany.
Roth described several new specied in a article titled, “Novae Plantarum Species” or “New Plant Species.”
Roth provides a very lengthy and detailed description of this new species,
but gives no clue about the source of the material he was describing.
Similarly in his “Catalecta botanica” there is a long description, but no locality mentioned.
Willdenow (1809) also has no habitat information, opting for " . . . . . . " instead.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Pursh, Frederick, 1814.
|
Pursh (1814, vol. 2, supplement) give the first locality data, the mountains of Virginia and Carolina.
|
pg. 233.
|
Allium cernuum.
—
A. scapo nudo tetragono umbellifero,
foliis linearibus planiusculis, umbella cernua, staminibus
simplicibus, germine sex-dentato.
Roth in Annals of bot. 2. p. 27.
|
|
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Icon. Cat. bot. fasc. 2. t. Bot. mag. 1324.
|
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On the mountains of Virginia and Carolina.
♃
July, Aug.
v. v.
Flowers large, rose-coloured, sweet-scented ;
the leaves have scarcely any scent.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Allium × proliferum;
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Allium × proliferum (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd. “Garden Onion”
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Literature Cited:
- Willdenow, Carl Ludwig, 1809.
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Willdenow (1809, p. 358) ...
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* 12. ALLIUM proliferum.
|
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A. caule nudo fistuloso tortuoso, umbella bulbifera prolifera, staminibus tricuspidatis.
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Allium proliferum. Schrad. cat. hort. goett.
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Habitat . . . . . . . . ♃ D.
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Spatha bivalvis, valvulis ovatis concavis.
Umbella universalis bulbis tribus magnis ramisque longis tribus seu quatuor composita,
quorum longissimus saepe bipedalis atque iterum tribus bulbis terminatus
cum floribus tribus vel quatuor ;
ex hac umbella saepe alia e bulbis tribus composita ramo semipedali suffulta elongatur.
Rami laterales umbellae universalis tripollicares usque semipedales,
apice bulbiferi cum floribus nonnullis.
Corolla alba, nervo viridi ornata.
Stamina corolla longiora, alterna obtuse trifida.
Antherae virides.
|
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Allium textile;
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Allium textile A. Nelson & J.F. Macbr. “Textile Onion”
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Literature Cited:
- Nelson, Aven, and J. Francis Macbride, 1913.
|
Nelson & Macbride (1913, v. 56, p. 470) ...
| Original Text
|
|
Allium textile, n. n.
—
A. reticulatum Fraser in Mem. Wern. Soc. 6:36. 1827;
not A. reticulatum J. and C. Presl. Fl. Cech. 73. 1819.
|
|
Our collections made in 1912 show that this species has a wider distribution
than heretofore assigned to it. Specimens having been secured on the Snake
River, at Shoshone Falls, it seem probable that it may extend quite into
eastern Oregon.
|
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Asparagaceae Juss. — Asparagus Family
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Asparagus officinalis;
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Asparagus officinalis L. “Asparagus”
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Leucocrinum montanum;
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Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. ex A. Gray “Star Lily”
As near as I can tell, the first common name applied to Leucocrinum montanum was 'White Crinum' in "Woolson & Co.'s descriptive catalogue of hardy perennial plants and price list : spring and fall of 1880." Miller (1884) in "A dictionary of English names of plants applied in England and among English-speaking people to cultivated and wild plants, trees, and shrubs" lists 'Californian Soap-Root' and 'Rocky Mountain Dwarf White Lily' as common names. 'Sand Lily' does not appear until 1904 in D. M. Andrews "Wholesale catalogue of rare seeds chiefly of plants and shrubs indigenous to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado." By 1926 the D. M. Andrews catalog lists the common name as 'Sandlily or Starlily."
| |
Literature Cited:
- Gray, Asa, 1848.
|
A. Gray (1848) writing in his Revision of North American Melanthiaceae …
| Original Text
|
|
Leucocrinum montanum, Nutt. Ined.
|
|
Radix e fibris plurimis crassitie pennae Corvi.
Folia plurima, (ut videntur) crasiuscula, plana, 8 unc. Longa.
Vix 2 lin. Lata, acutiuscula.
Flores (6-8) foliis multò breviores;
pedunculis omnibus radicalibus, unifloris, demùm ferè uncialibus.
Perianthii tubus persistens, 2-3 unc. Longus, filiformis;
limbus magnitudine florum Ornithogali umbellati.
Stamina perianthium vix aequantia;
antheris linearibus.
Stylus staminibus paulò brevior;
stigmatibus ferè obcordatis.
Capsulae (immaturae) vix supra terram, membranaceae, 3-4 lin. Latae,
(ut videntur loculucidè dehiscentes,) stylo et perianthio persistente coronatae.
Semina ut in Colchico. — Floret Aprili.
|
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Hab. In planitiebus altis fluminis Platte, Nuttall!
|
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Obs.
Genus a Colchico diversum, stylis coalitis, antheris adnatis,
at capsulis membranaceis non inflatis,
a Bulbocodia, unguibus perianthii totus concretis, etc. ;
anutroque praesertim stigmatibus lamellatis, radice fascicilata, et defectu cormi.
Si tamen Merendera, Bulbocodium, at Monocaryum, et monet doctiss.
Brownio, * potius subgenera Colchici sunt,
forsan hoc quoque illi referendum est.
|
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Specimina sicca a cel. Nuttallio lecta et mihi benevole communicata.
|
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Literature Cited:
- Ornduff, Robert, and Marion S. Cave, 1975.
|
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Sand-lily, Leucocrinum montanum Nutt.,
is a showy perennial that occurs widely in arid regions of the western United States.
Recently, the second author reported chromosome counts of n = 11, 13, and 14 for this species (Cave, 1970).
Plants from the Rocky Mountain region have
n = 14 (see also Löve et al., 1971),
those from several localities in California,
western Nevada, and Oregon have n = 13,
and one population from Nevada has n = 11.
In addition, Cave noted that in some populations
pollen is shed in tetrads and in others
it is shed singly.
In this paper we further discuss the variation
in chromosome number and in the condition of pollen
at the time of shedding (Ornduff and Cave, 1975).
|
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Maianthemum F. H. Wigg.
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Literature Cited:
- Wiggers, Friedrich Heinrich, 1780.
Other articles:
• Publication Details:
Wiggers, 1780, Primitiae Florae Holsaticae;
|
Wiggers (1780), p. 14 published Maianthemum.
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Claff. IV.
|
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TETRANDRA
|
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Monogynia
|
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MAIANTHEMUM
|
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Calyx nullus.
Corolla quadrifida.
r)
Bacca bilocularis, difperma.
Char. fec.
Radic. teres.
Caulefc fimplex foliofa.
Foliat, fimpl. neruofa.
Inflor. racemofa terminalis.
Fulc. Bracteae minimae.
|
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141. Maianthemum Conuallaria.
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Conuallaria bifolia L.
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A Conuallaria differt corolla, ftaminibus, fructu.
Conuenit bacca ante maturitatem maculofa.
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r) Tetrapetala Dillenius (Cat. Gieff. App. p. 130) Luawig Gen. Plant. p. 215.
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Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Maianthemum racemosum amplexicaule;
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Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. amplexicaule (Nutt.)LaFrankie “Feathery False Lily of the Valley”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Linne´, Carl von, 1753.
|
| Original Text
|
★ * Smilaces T. corollis rotatis.
5. CONVALLARIA foliis feffilibus, racemo terminali compofito.
Convallaria racemo conpofito. Roy. lugdb. 26.
Convallaria foliis alternis, racemo terminale. Hort. cliff. 125. Gron. virg. 38.
Polygonatum racemofum. Corn. canad. 36. t. 37.
Polygonatum ramofum & racemofum fpicatum. Morif. hift. 3. p. 537. f. 13. t. 4. f. 9.
Polygonatum racemofum americanum, ellebori albi foliis ampliffimis. Pluk. alm. 301. t. 311. f. 2.
Habitat in Virginia, Canada.
♄
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racemofa.
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| |
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Maianthemum F.H.Wigg., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 14 (1780).
| |
Literature Cited:
- Desfontaines, Rene Louiche, 1780.
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Smilacina Desf. was published by Rene L. Desfontaines as a segregate from Convallaria
| |
Literature Cited:
- Link, Heinrich, 1821-1822.
|
Link (1821) p. 343
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656. MAIANTHEMUM.
|
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Wiggers.
Weber)
Prim. Flor. holsat. 14. Smilacina. Desfont. Ann. d. Mus. 9. 51.
|
|
...
|
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3461. M. RACEMOSUM.
Smilacina racemosa Desf. Ann. 9. 51.
Pursh. am, 1. 254.
Convallaria racemosa Linn. W. E. 377.
Hab. in sylvis montosis a Canada ad Carolinam
♃.
D. Racemus compositus. `
|
|
…
|
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Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a.
Other articles:
• Glossary:
amplexicaul;
• Publication Details:
Nuttall, 1834a, publication details;
|
Nuttall (1834a, p. 58) described Smilacina amplexicaulis from a collection by
Nathaniel Wyeth in 1833.
| Original Text
|
|
110. Smilacina (B.) *amplexicaulis.
Foliis cordato-ovatis amplexicaulibis subacuminatis, floribus paniculatis,
petalis staminibus paulo brevioribus.
|
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♃.
Stem about a foot high,
and as well as the leaves covered with a short pubescence.
Leaves three to three and a half inches long, by an inch and a half wide,
broad ovate, shortly acuminated, and amplexicaule.
Panicle about four inches long, very similar to that of S. racemosa.
The flowers are, however, as well as the petals, which are but little shorter than the stamens, and white.
Style undivided, very short.
|
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Hab.
In the valleys of the Rocky Mountains,
about the sources of the Columbia river.
Flowering about the middle of June.
|
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Watson (1871, p. 345) placed S. amplexicaulis as a variety of Smilacina racemosa
| Original Text
|
|
Smilacina racemosa, Desf., var. amplexicaulis.
(S. amplexicaulis Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil. 7. 58.)
Leaves closely sessile and amplexicaul, shortly acuminate or only acute ;
style at lease half as long as the ovary and equaling the stamens.
—
Distiguished at once from the usual form by its less acuminate sessile leaves and longer style and filaments.
It is 2012 Hartweg and 353 Bridges from California, and 845 Fendler from New Mexico ;
collected also by Wyeth and Lyall in Oregon and Washington Territory and by Bourgeau in the Rocky Mountains.
728 Coulter from California, Lyall's specimens from Lower Fraser River and Bourgeau's from the Winnipeg are the
typical form, which extends southward to Southern California, New Mexico, and upper districts of the Gulf States.
Clover Mountains, Nevada, and the Wahsatch ; 6-7,000 feet altitude ; May-September. (1,168)
|
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Literature Cited:
- Harrington, H. D., 1954.
|
Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) says this about Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.:
| Original Text
|
|
Several varieties have been proposed for our western plants
S. racemosa var. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Wats. is the most distinct.
---
Woods and thickets.
Throughout most of temperate North America.
Our records scattered in the western two-thirds of the state at 6500-10,000 feet.
|
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Literature Cited:
- LaFrankie, James V., 1986b.
|
LaFrankie (1986) published a morphology and taxonomy of Maianthemum,
placing M. amplexicaule as a subspecies of M. racemosum.
LaFrankie also wrote the treatment for FNANM.
| |
Literature Cited:
- LaFrankie, James V., 1986b.
|
LaFrankie, J. V., Jr. 1986.
Transfer of the species of Smilacina Desf. to Maianthemum Wigg. (Liliaceae).
Taxon. 35: 584-589.
Unfortunately I don't have access to Taxon through JSTOR.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Dorn, Robert D. and Jane L. Dorn, 1978.
|
Maianthemum racemosum var. amplexicaule (Nutt.) Dorn, Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 298 (1988): (1988).
| |
Literature Cited:
- LaFrankie, James V., 2003.
|
LaFrankie (2003) writing in Flora of North America treats M. amplexicaule as a subspecies of M. racemosum.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann, 2012.
|
Weber & Wittman (2012) treat M. amplexicaule (Nutt.) W. A. Weber as the species rank, noting “… FNA considers this to be a variety of M. racemosum; however, our species is diploid, while M. racemosum is tetraploid. Contrary to claims, these do not intergrade.”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Ackerfield, Jennifer, 2015.
|
Ackerfield (2015) accepts LaFrankie's (2003) placement of M. amplexicaule as a subspecies of M. racemosum.
| |
Literature Cited:
- Kim, Changkyun, and Joo-Hwan Kim, 2017.
|
Kim and Kim (2017) did not focus on M. racemosum, though their diagrams suggest the taxon split from the remainder of the genus s.s. early in the evolution of the genus.
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Maianthemum stellatum;
|
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link. “Starry False Lily of the Valley”
(Syn: Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf.)
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Literature Cited:
- Link, Heinrich, 1821-1822.
|
Link (1821) p. 343
|
656. MAIANTHEMUM.
|
|
Wiggers.
Weber)
Prim. Flor. holsat. 14. Smilacina. Desfont. Ann. d. Mus. 9. 51.
|
|
...
|
|
3460. M. STELLATUM.
Smilacina stellata Desf. Ann. 9. 52.
Pursh. am. 1. 233.
Convallaria stellata Linn. W. Sp. 2. 163.
Hab. in Canada et in montibus ad Virginiam usque
♃.
D. Racemus simplex.
|
|
…
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Muscari botryoides;
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Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. “Common Grape Hyacinth”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Yucca glauca;
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Yucca glauca Nutt. “Soapweed Yucca”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Nuttall, Thomas, 1813.
|
(Nuttall, 1813, no. 89) ...
| Original Text
| Comments
|
|
89 *Yucca glauca. ‡
Leaves narrow, and filiferous ;
capsules dry, coriaceous, and large as that of Y. gloriosa.
—
Flower not seen.
—
Used in N. Mexico as a substitute for hemp.
Collected 1600 miles up the Missourie, about lat. 49°.
|
Yucca gloriosa L. is an accepted name for a yucca in the southeast United States.
|
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|
Iridaceae Juss. — Iris Family
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Sisyrinchium montanum;
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Sisyrinchium montanum Greene “Rocky Mountain Blue-Eyed Grass”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Greene, Edward Lee, 1899c.
|
Greene (1899, v. 4, p. 33-34) ...
|
S. montanum. Plant stout, erect, more than a foot high,
herbage light-green, glabrous, not glaucescent : foliage rather
copious but short, of less than half the length of the scapes,
the broad leaves about 9-striate, the alternate lines commonly
rather obscure; scapes ancipital, each of the broad,
sharp-edged subentire wiags strongly 3-striate: spathes
mostly solitary, their bracts very unequal, the outer of more
than twice the length of the inner and 1½ to 2 inches long:
perianths apparently dark-purple; capsules large (nearly ¼
inch in diameter), almost globose, very sparsely hairy.
|
|
Meadows along the Mancos River, southern Colorado,
Baker, Earle and Tracy (n. 113), 25 June, 1898 ; also by the
same on Chicken Creek in the La Plata Mountains, at 9,000
feet, 7 July (n. 377). A large and doubtless showy species,
exceeding even the Californian S. bellum in size.
|
| |
|
Orchidaceae Juss. — Orchid Family
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Calypso bulbosa;
|
Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes “Fairy Slipper”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Coeloglossum viride;
|
Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. “Longbract Frog Orchid”
(Syn: Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. ssp. bracteatum (Muhl.) Hultén,Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase)
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Corallorhiza maculata;
|
Corallorhiza maculata (Raf.) Raf. “Summer Coralroot”
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens;
|
Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. var. pubescens O. W. Knight “Greater Yellow Lady's Slipper”
(Syn: Cypripedium calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Hultén)
| |
Literature Cited:
- Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 1833.
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Goodyera oblongifolia;
|
Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. “Western Rattlesnake Plantain”
Rafinesque (1833, v. 1, p. 76) ...
|
10 Goodyera seu Tussaca oblongifolia, Raf.
Fol. radic petiol oblongis ovatis acutis, 5 nervis
non reticulatis, subtus glaucis caule
gracile vaginato, spica laxiflora, fl. remotis
hirsutis, bract. lanc. acut. ovar. eq. ovarium
therto. — Oregon mts. subpedal, fl. white small.
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Spiranthes diluvualis;
|
Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak. “Ute Lady's Tresses”
| |
Literature Cited:
- Sheviak, Charles J., 1984.
|
| Original Text
|
|
TYPE: U.S.A. Colorado. Jefferson Co.: mesic to wet alluvial meadows along Clear Creek
just W of junct. Rts. 6 & 58, Golden, 17 Jul 1982,
C. J. Sheviak, J. K. Sheviak, W. Jennings, L. Long & S. Smookler 2257
(Holotype: NYS; isotype: NY).
|
| |
Other articles:
• Golden Checklist Flora:
Spiranthes romanzoffiana;
|
Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. “Hooded Lady's Tresses”
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Date and time this article was prepared:
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Eastern Mojave Vegetation
Sobol.
